Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Farmers
|
- 60% of population - rural
- take commands and work hard - grounded and trustworthy - change and novelty is bad - live in harmony w/ nature: follow it, bend to it - family is essential for maintaining the farm and stability |
|
|
Scholars
|
- usually landlords
- highest calling - contrast to European tradition - give voice to farmer's concerns - change and novelty is bad - live in harmony w/ nature: follow it, bend to it - family is essential for maintaining the farm and stability |
|
|
Merchants
|
- highly mobile
- not trustworty - suspicion of them -change and novelty is good |
|
|
Artisan
|
- not very important
- similar to merchants - change and novelty good |
|
|
Confucius the person
|
- known by the west
- father was minor official - died - very poor - gov't job as head of teaching for defense...crime 'disappeared' -- "Four books" of Confucianism: Analects, The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, and The Book of Mencius |
|
|
Humanistic Social Philosophy
Naturalism |
-more principles come from nature
-discover how nature acts so you can be in accord w/ it |
|
|
Humanistic Social Philosophy
Supernaturalism |
-moral principles come from supernatural force
-discover how force wants you to act so you can be in accord w/ it |
|
|
Humanistic Social Philosophy
Confucian Humanism |
- moral principles come from the best human practices
-discover principles of action found w/in humans so you can be in accord w/ them |
|
|
Jen
|
- (Confucianism)
-Def: humanity or benevolence - utilitarian vs. deontological ethics |
|
|
Jen (+ and - )
|
positive: altruism
negative: self control -"Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself" |
|
|
Li
|
(Confucian)
-propriety- doing things properly -code of social behavior |
|
|
Application of Li - Filial Piety (Xiao or Hsiao)
|
5 relations:
Husband (decency) ->wife (obedience) Father (benevolence) ->son (filial piety) Elder brother (gentleness)->younger (brotherly love) ruler (benevolence) -> subject (loyalty) friend (trustworthiness, respect) -> friend |
|
|
Confucian Politics
|
Sovereign - benevolent, honorable, good example
Subjects - respectful, obedience Achieving Peace - set one's heart right, removing evil by removing causes Political/Social Implications - origin of the state, useful vs. natural |
|
|
Daoism: The Sphere of Nature
|
2 aspects - Secret and Manifest
|
|
|
Secret
|
- cannot say what secret Dao is
-can say what secret Dao is not, Dao is like |
|
|
Manifest
|
- it's function
- source, ground, power of existance, found in observing nautre |
|
|
Daoism in Art
|
people small, knarled trees, circular nature space, open spaces, small human influence
|
|
|
Law of Reversal
|
- inaction - "doing nothing"
- to achieve X, push the opposite, - to retain X, admit the opposite |
|
|
Four Meanings of Inaction
|
- do less, be more passive
- ease rather than strive - let nature take its course - push the opposite course |
|
|
Daoism: Politics
|
Confucian Sage King
-rules by example, regulates people's lives Lao Tzu's Holy Person -rules by virtuous examples Anarchistic monarchy |
|
|
Legalism: The Sphere of Order
|
The Sphere of Order: people are originally and perennially evil...human nature needs to be regulated
|
|
|
Legalism: The Philosophy of History
|
- reject REGRESSIVE view
-stop looking to the past -accept PROGRESSIVE view |
|
|
Legalism: Anthropology
|
-originally evil
-seemed good in teh past, less stuff to fight over -can never change human bhevior |
|
|
Legalism: Political Philosophy
|
Totalitarianism - absolute power, centralized authority - individual exists to sever the state - might makes right -> ruling by force
|
|
|
Age of Reason
|
- assumed dualism -> God's world, material world
- British Isles - focus on 'out there' (empricists) Continent - focus on 'in here' (innatists) |
|
|
Frances Bacon- Age of Reason
|
-throw out past
- clean out the 'idols of the mind' - ground real knowledge on empirical date from 'out there' |
|
|
Rene Descartes - Age of Reason
|
- throw out the past
-clean out ideas which can be doubted - ground real knowledge on innate certainty 'in here' |
|
|
Humanism
|
- rationalist credo
- advance of science -Individualism from renaissance |
|
|
Politics of Zeitgeist - modern world
|
- demanded rights from those above them - but don't give it to those below them
- *Enlightened Despotism* - one person be in charge of everything and listen to everyone - * democracy* - everyone involved, all different people |
|
|
Rene Descartes
|
- to find CERTAINITY
- The RULES ] begin w/ 'clear and evident intution' ] move decuctively ] from simple to complex one step at a time Methodological doubt = anything that can be logically dobuted Psychological doubt = what actuallly worries you |
|
|
Descartes' 4 D's
|
1. Doctrines (authoritaranism)
2. Deceiving Senses (empiricism) 3. Dreams (intutionism) 4. Demon |
|
|
Cogito ergo sum
|
i think, therefore, I am
|
|
|
Proof of God's Existence
|
p1 Everything, including our ideas, has a cause
p2 i have an idea of a perfect God p3 Nothing less than God is adequate to cause my idea of god C. god exists |
|
|
Argument for the Reliability of Senses
|
p1 God [a perfect being] exists
p2 a perfect being [God] would not deceive c1 God has not given me a faculty that will lead me into error, provided i use it properly c2 i can trust my senses if i use them proboly |
|
|
Thomas Hobbes
|
Materialism - what's really real -> physical world
Induction - experience. look at particular drew general conclusions Deduction - general principles Leviathan - treatise on gov't |
|
|
Thomas Hobbes - the state of nature
|
We are bodies in motion. We are similiar in:
1. Actions, drives - POWER 2. Body, mind - CAPACITY 3. Freedom to seek power/survival PROBLEM: nature's resources are LIMITED Result: Life is...WAR |
|
|
Conservative
|
-humans are guided by self interest
|
|
|
Rex Lex
|
King is Law
|
|
|
John Locke
|
- wrote constitution for Carolina
- Empiricist - all valid ideas come from sense or experience - NO innate ideas TABULA RASA - mind is a blank slate |
|
|
John Locke - State of Nature
|
What are human beings really like?
- FREE - God-given, not determined - EQUAL - no natural hierarchy - INDEPENDENT - self interested |
|
|
John Locke - Moral
|
Natural Law
Rights - inalienable rights -> life, liberty, property. |
|
|
Liberal
|
humans are capable, naturally of respecting hte rights of others as they seek to protect their own rights.
- acknowledges human dignity |
|
|
James Madison
|
Need a balance between Hobbes and Locke. -> Depravity vs. Dignity
|
|
|
Blaise Pascal
|
Limits of Reason - reason can understand that we cannot get upset when imperfection occurs
Deus absconditus - hidden God, god is unknowable to the human mind |
|
|
"Knowledge of the Heart"
|
- Blaise Pascal
- "intuition" - reason is strong, but must have foundation |
|
|
Pascal's need to 'wager'
|
The Great Question: Is there a God?
|
|
|
Pascal's Epistomologies
|
Pascal as rationalist
Empiricist Innatist (knowledge) of the heart Pascal as non-rationalist Intuition - knowledge by the means of the HEART Authority - Scripture and the church |
|
|
Immanuel Kant
|
- KONIGSBERG, PRUSSIA
- Both innate and empiricist |
|
|
Immanuel Kant - relationship to empiricists
|
agrees - knowledge comes through the senses
disagrees - mind is not passive specifically disagrees w/ Hume: there must be something which appears to have appearances |
|
|
Immanuel Kant - relationship to innatists
|
agrees - the mind is active
disagrees - there are NO INNATE IDEAS that is, there are innate ways of processing the empirical data |
|
|
Immanuel Kant's Epistemology
|
Phenomenal world - the world or experience
Noumenal World (das Ding an Sich) - way things really are, not how they appear. the world is beyond our experiences. World of Understanding - way we experience the phenomenal world |
|
|
Immanuel Kant's World of Understanding
|
Innate structures #1 (Forms of intuition) - space -> most things are 'processed' through this structure
- time -> everything is 'processed' through this structure. these are not features of the real Innate Strucutres #2 (categories of the mind) - 12 categories...including substance, causality Innate Structures #3 (The ideas of Reason) - self, world God |
|
|
Kantian, but not Kant
|
History
Old: just facts New: point of view Painting Old: Realism New: impressionism Novels Old' omniscient narrator New: Point of view narration Piaget's Psychology |
|
|
Edmund Burke
|
- confidence in reason, confidence in the individual
- preserve, protect the traditions of state Accepts: original sin: reason is fallen, limited Rejects: moral chronlogical progress |
|
|
Edmund Burke's dangers of idealism
|
1. limited understanding of ideals
2. misinterpretation of motives 3. ideals exist only in the imagination 4. leveling never equalizes |
|
|
Mary Wollstonecraft
|
rights to the people
- possibility of moral progress - virtue is not gendered, virtue is defined by what you do |
|
|
Kantian, but not Kant
|
History
Old: just facts New: point of view Painting Old: Realism New: impressionism Novels Old' omniscient narrator New: Point of view narration Piaget's Psychology |
|
|
Edmund Burke
|
- confidence in reason, confidence in the individual
- preserve, protect the traditions of state Accepts: original sin: reason is fallen, limited Rejects: moral chronlogical progress |
|
|
Edmund Burke's dangers of idealism
|
1. limited understanding of ideals
2. misinterpretation of motives 3. ideals exist only in the imagination 4. leveling never equalizes |
|
|
Mary Wollstonecraft
|
rights to the people
- possibility of moral progress - virtue is not gendered, virtue is defined by what you do |
