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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was Ptolemy's view of the universe?
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Geocentric, perfect circular movements, stars fixed in the heavens, God is beyond the stars
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What was Ptolemy's problem with the planets? How did he solve this problem?
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They went back and forth in the sky. His solution was "epicycles"
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What was Nicholaus Copernicus' view of the universe?
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Heliocentric, no epicycles, planets still perfectly circular orbits, earth turns on an axis & around the sun!
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Johannes Kepler's revelation
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The ellipse!
He was obsessed with geometry. |
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Kepler's 2 laws:
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Planets travel in ellipses around the sun (which isn't at the center)
Planets sweep out equal areas in equal time; aka different speeds |
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The results of Kepler's laws & discoveries
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Outer planets take longer to orbit the sun than the inner planets: God's perfect universe is not perfect! (2 new stars in the 1590s)
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Gelileo Galilei's 5 impossibilities (by way of telescope):
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1) moon has mountains and valleys (should be beyond sin)
2) sun spots (should be beyond sin) 3) milky way (millions & millions of stars- we're not in the middle) 4) moons of Jupiter (should be only the earth with moons) 5) Phases of Venus (?) |
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God's Perfection: medieval views
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God created all things perfectly.
Sin corrupted the earth only. The universe retains God's perfection, especially the stars. The universe beyond the moon CANNOT have been diminished since creation. |
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Results of Ptolemy-> Copernicus-> Kepler-> Galilei
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A new universe:
Earth not at the center Sun at the center Celestial realm no longer perfect Empiricism slowly replaces authority Emphasis on physical forces & mathematics |
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Issac Newton and Light:
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White light is constituted of colors, acts as a particle
reflecting telescope |
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Newton and Motion: 3 laws of motion
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1) Inertia - body in motion stays in motion
2) F=ma 3) For every action there is an equal and opposite reacion |
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Newton's worldview
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Laws of heavens & earth are teh same
End of the view that the heavens are of a different kind of perfection Nature can be described by mathematical relations. The Mechanistic Universe |
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Problem of the 17th century:
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There is only one universe & Newton has described it. Nothing else.
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What was the metaphysical focus in the Age of Reason?
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The material world; there was an assumed dualism for most people
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What did the British, in general, focus on?
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Empirical evidence- what's "out there"
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What did the Continental Folks, in general, focus on?
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Innatism- what's "in here" aka reason
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Francis Bacon's approach to the basis for knowledge:
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Throw out the past
Clean out the "Idols of the Mind" Ground real knowledge on *empirical* data from "out there" knowledge based on the self |
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Rene Descartes' approach to the basis for knowledge:
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Throw out the past
Clean out ideas that can be doubted Ground real knowledge on innate certainty from "in here" knowledge based on the self |
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3 points about Humanism
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Optimistic about human abilities (Rationalist Credo, Advance of Science)
Optimistic about human nature Human rights (individualism & basic rights) |
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The political problem of the Age of Reason
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They were demanding rights from above, but not giving rights to those below
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The political solutions of the Age of Reason
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1) Enlightened Despotism - Thomas Hobbes
2) Democracy - John Locke |
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The main religion of the Age of Reason
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Deism
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Rene Descartes' brief background (education)
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lousy education- a total waste of time, except for MATHEMATICS becuase it is consistent
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The rules to find certainty, acc. to Descartes (3 of them)
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1) begin with a clear an devident innate idea
2) move deductively 3) from simple to complex one step at a time |
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What is the role of the senses in coming to certainty?
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None! Can use only after we have certainty
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What is the Destructive Program?
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In order to find certainty, go through a process of doubt. Doubt everything until you find something that cannot be doubted.
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What are the two types of doubting?
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Methodological Doubt: Anything that can be logically doubted
Psychological Doubt: What actually worries you |
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The Four "D"s (aka things that can be doubted or reasons that things can be doubted)
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Doctrines
Decieving Senses Dreams Demons |
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What is the only thing that cannot be doubted?
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that "I" am doubting
Cogito Ergo Sum |
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What is the Constructive Program?
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Rebuilding knowledge on a sure foundation- from the "I" to "God exists" to "I can trust my senses"
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What is Descartes' view of the body?
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A big, complex machine that we can "fix"
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What is Descartes' veiw of the mind?
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It is non-material (spiritual)
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What is the interaction between the body and mind?
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Do they effect one another? See drawing
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What is the relationship of faith & reason?
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???
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Implications of Descartes:
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Free will & determinism
Penal system Raising children Changing behavior |
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Modernism: Searching for truths that are:
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1) Timeless (non-historical)
2) Certain 3) Foundational 4) Known by undifferentiated individuals 5) Objective truth |
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What is the political background to deism?
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The wars of religion- can't trust either one!
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What about Catholicism did Deists oppose?
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Superstitions- irrational, ignorant
Intolerance- state religion= oppression "Priest craft" - special powers to keep people under control |
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What about Protestantism did Deists oppose?
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Enthusiasm - "theos"- to have a god inside you & be possessed
Fideism- "faith"- don't need learning/intellect Religious Dognmatism |
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What two other things did Deists oppose?
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Political Tyranny and Censorship
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What did most Deists believe in (reason)?
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Reason (God's greatest gift) the primacy of reason. God created the world perfectly - opperates by Newton's laws. Humans are free moral agents- freedom to choose.
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What did most Deists believe in (natural religion)?
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Natural Religion: fingerprints of God in creation. All things must be tested by reason, including scripture and doctrine. Miracles- scientific explaination or superstition. Prayer- no petitions; thanks only
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What is "true religion" according to the Deists?
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Virtuous living
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What are the two images of God, according to the Deists?
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The Master Clockmaker and the Absentee Landlord
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Details of the Master Clockmaker:
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God invented the perfect clock by Laws. b/c it is perfect, no need for interferrance
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Details of the Absentee Landlord:
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God made the world, but lives far away & doesn't bother the world. Transcendent, but not immanent
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What 5 things cam from Deism?
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Universality of spiritual experience
Religion & Reason are compatible Morality is central to religion Beginnings of biblical text criticism Study of Comparative Religions |
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What is Pascal's religious background?
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Jansenism- healed father, sister became nun, Night of Fire, joined
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