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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four basic classes of Chinese society?
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1. Scholars
2. Farmers 3. Artisans 4. Merchants |
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Define scholars.
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-usually landlords
-highest calling -give voice to farmers' concerns -contrast to European tradition |
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Define farmers.
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-primitive and childlike
-take commands and work hard -grounded and trustworthy |
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Define Artisans.
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-not very important
-similar to merchants |
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Define merchants.
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-highly mobile
-not trustworthy -suspicion of them (which did not start with chairmen Mao) |
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What is important about farmers/scholars?
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-change and novelty is bad
*live in harmony with nature: follow it, bent to it (Confucianism) *Family is essential for maintaining the farm and stability (Daoism) |
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What is important about merchants/artisans?
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-change and novelty is good
*travel and interaction lead to tolerance...(like Greeks) *Also leads to lack of personal responsibility |
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What are Confucianism's metaphysics?
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- no clearly developed metaphysics
- not really interested in the afterlife |
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According to Confucius, what is the source of morality?
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-moral principles come from nature, a supernatural force, and from the best human practices
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Define JEN.
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-a deep principle of humanity or benevolence
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Define LI.
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-propriety or doing things properly
-code of social behavior -has a religious element and ceremonial aspects (tea ceremony, praying before a meal, etc.) -"If you focus on little things, big things will take care of themselves." |
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Define filial piety.
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-it is the application of Li.
-Five relations make up filial piety 1. husband (decency)-Wife(obedience) 2. father (benevolence)- son(filial piety) 3. elder brother (gentleness)- younger brother (brotherly love) 4. Ruler (benevolence)- subject (loyalty) 5. Friend- friend (trustworthiness and respect) |
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According to Confucious, how would we attain world peace?
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-each person needs a moral education to make sure that their heart is set right
-regulate family life properly -cultivate one's personal life -removing evil by removing its causes |
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What are the two natures of the Dao?
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-secret- cannot say what it is, but can say what it isn't; say what it is like
-manifest- function; source, ground, power of existence; works from simple to complex |
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How is the secret Dao known?
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-by emptying your mind
-ex. lotus position or having a mystical experience |
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How is the manifest Dao known?
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-by nature
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What is eternal return?
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-"reversing the movement"
-reversal between opposites -uses empirical observation and abstraction -ex. lunar cycle -phases of the moon, solar- seasons |
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What is the "Law of Reversal"?
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-to achieve something you must push the opposite
-to retain something you must admit its opposite Ex. yin and yang |
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Contrast Confucian and Daoist views of history.
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- Confucian views go from savage to better and better ( line always is going up)
- more civilized you are the more happy you are -Daoist views are the more civilized you are the less happy (line is continuously going down) |
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What are the three strands of influence during the medieval times?
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1. Greco-Roman
2. Christian 3. Barbarian |
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What are the basic components of the Greco-Roman influence?
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-emphasis on reason and learning
-Absract truth (What is real? What is true?) -Natural Law (Law or logos) |
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What are the basic components of the Christian influence?
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-personal God
-Importance of faith(my faith and what I believe is important |
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What are the basic components of the Barbarian influence?
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(Roman idea of living meant nothing to them)
-adventure (pillaging) -loyalty to liege lord (loyalty to the death for your tribal leader) -concrete not abstract |
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What role did the Barbarians play in the Early Medieval Period?
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-Dominant
-Attacked Rome and raped, pillaged, and burned everything -created economic and social disorder in Western and Northern Europe -created total chaos also known as "500 years of camping out" |
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What role did the Greco-Roman influence play during the Early Medieval Period?
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-virtually disappeared
-some learning centers created by rulers, but very isolated -nearly universal illiteracy except for in the Church |
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What role did the ascetic Christian influence play in the Early Medieval Period?
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-converted Barbarians
-fled, built monasteries, and lived a Christian life separate from the world -followed Plato's philosohpy -Church could pray and teach literacy and COPY MANUSCRIPTS |
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What are some examples of the ascetic Christian influence during the Early Medieval Period?
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-Ex. Romanesque Cathedral
-Rounded arches used to create a barrel vault -thick walls to keep world out and hold up ceiling -small windows -Fortress-like -in the "boonies" (Mont Saint Michel) |
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What role did the Barbarians play in the Late Medieval Period?
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-stable
-they became more tied to the land which led to the development of the fuedal system -economy tied to land -loyalty to your fuedal lord (landowner) -Rise of the nation state |
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What role did the Greco-Roman influence play in the Late Medieval Period?
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-Rise of the university (Oxford)
-Rising literacy (mainly latin and for clergy) -new emphasis on abstractions again -Growing interest in the Ancient Greek writers |
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What role did the Christian influence play in the Late Medieval Period?
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-Church gains influence and kings turn to Church for help
-Their lands remain untouched during war -land is untaxable so less and less money for kings -moves into all areas of life -new emphasis on THIS world -Aristotle rediscovered |
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What type of church was prominent in the Late Medieval Period?
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Ex. Gothic Cathedral
-considered over the top -pointed arches -flying buttresses bear the weight, so they are built much higher -walls "disappear" and are replaced by glass -usually in the center of town -Gargoyles are the Barbarian influence to scare away spitits |
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What is the background of Medieval Islam?
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-Scholars move East cuz Emperor Justinian closes Academy because he wanted its endowment
-thus many texts were translated into Arabic |
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What are the 5 pillars of Islam?
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-only one God named allah and muhammed is his messenger
-pray 5 times a day facing Mecca -give generously to charity -fast during the whole month of Ramadan -make pilgrimage to Mecca |
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How did Europe feel about the spread of Islam?
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-threatened
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What was the Islamic world like in the 10th and 11th centuries?
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-lots of learning and experiments
-many devices invented in Astronomy and Math (sextant) -Medicine |
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What was the problem in the Islamic world in the 10th and 11th centuries?
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-How to reconcile learning (reason) and the Qu'ran?
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What were the Islamic thinker, Avicenna, beliefs?
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1. Allah acts out of necessity
-he is not truly free 2. Allah works through intermediaries -he creates flowers, but flowers create seeds 3. Souls are immortal *Holy book did not match up with science. |
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What was Avicenna's conclusion to his problems?
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-the Qu'ran is not to be taken literally, but metaphorically
-REASON WINS!!!!! |
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What is important about Al Ghazali?
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-wandered due to crisis of faith
-Critiqued Avicenna in his book THE INCOHERENCE OF PHILOSOHPY -we cannot trust reason |
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What was Al Ghazali's solution to his problems?
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-we have to take Qu'ran literally cuz there is no metaphor
-FAITH WINS!!!!! |
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What problems did Averroes encounter as an Islamic thinker?
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-thought Avicenna was too platonic
-critiqued Al Ghazadi's with his book THE INCOHERENCE OF INCOHERENCE -divided society into three classes of people |
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What were Averroes three classes of people?
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1. Masses
-uneducated -should take the Qu'ran literally 2. Theologians -can draw inferences from the Qu'ran 3. Philosophers -finder deeper allegorical meanings from the Qu'ran |
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What was Averroes conclusion to his problems?
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-"double truth"- both reason and faith are right
-FAITH AND REASON WINS!!!!! |
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What are the 3 sides of medieval culture in the Middle Ages?
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1. Grecco-Roman
-continuation of learning, interest in ideas 2. Barbarian -warfare, pillaging, looting 3. Judeo-Christian -strong authority of medieval Catholic Church |
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What was the Greco-Roman influence in the post-medival period?
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(rise of the Renaissance)
1. Classical interests -interest regained in classical culture (music, theatre) -texts preserved in monasteries 2. Cultural optimisim: human achievement -rise in hope -things can be better with human assistance 3. Individualism -shift away from medieval corporate identity 4. Printing press -1440-developed -hidden/inaccessible texts become widely available |
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What was the Barbarian influence in the post-medieval period?
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(declines)
1. Rise of middle class -economic depression -more people are able to work for themselves 2. Development of laws -without leis lord they need to create laws to govern behavior 3. Monarchies take hold -begins to emerge a pattern of monarchy 4. Rise of nation/nation-states -civilization is becoming settled |
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What was the Judeo-Christian influence in the post-medieval era?
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1. State of Church (clergy) had become very wealthy
-common people resented clergy -challenged to gain their land back -church imposed fees on services (weddings, funerals, etc.) -a lot of clergy don't have any religious training 2. Religious devotion increased -private spirituality -music and private rituals instead of church -private spirituality -institutional church was largely out of the picture |
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What are the two theological predecessors of Luther?
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-Agustine: faith, loving God first
-Thomas: precision of thought |
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What were Luther's beliefs about human nature?
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-sin has become an essential feature of our lives and affects every aspect of it.
-distinct understanding of Hell and the Devil |
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What were Luther's beliefs about human nature?
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-he is merciful despite our own sin
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How did Luther know God?
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"justified by faith"
-sola fide (faith alone) -"we are a priesthood of believers" -wrote 95 theses |
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What role did the printing press make during the Reformation?
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-spread Luther's ideas
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What is characterized by the Judeo-Christian movement?
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-Luther never intended to leave the Catholic Church, but only watned to reform it
-this movement caused a split -happened at the same time as the Renaissance |
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Who was John Calvin?
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-Humanist scholar
-deeply influenced by the Protestant Reformation -nicknamed "the great gift of France" |
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What are key three themes of the Renaissance?
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1. appreciation for THIS world
-setting up jobs, etc. 2. Emphasis on the individual -what you think, what you make 3. Sense of human responsiblity -was an outgrowth of his understanding of God's full sovereignty -our actions do matter as our confirmation of our call to God |
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Calvin's metaphysics?
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1. two story universe
-Celestial (world of God) -Terrestrial (world of God's creation) 2. another deep divide: good vs. evil |
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Calvin's epistemology?
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AUTHORITARIAN
1. unaided reason (human reason) -limited usefulness -not fully sufficent to understand this world -unable to understand celestial world *TOTAL DEPRAVITY- no part of me that is not affected by sin 2. aided reason -draws us to God -God's illumination through Scripture alone 3. We serve God through our efforts to understand God's world, and God's plan for us. |
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Calvin's ethics?
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-Scripture is the source
-Loving God first -Sacraments: baptism, communion -Stewardship- care for the environment |
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Calvin's politics?
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Pre-lapsarian view
-law & order -state should promote the common good -Niebuhr's categoris is to transform culture and be involved in political life |
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Calvin's legacy and impact of the reformation?
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1. Truth (Hermeneutics)- Scripture rightly interpreted
2. Individualism 3. Science 4. Human life and work 5. Religious authority |
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What is the Renaissance and what are its parts?
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"re-birth"
1. Confidence in human reason cuz it is reliable 2. Optimism about human nature -humans are especially good 3. High value of the individual vs. group 4. Emphasis on empiricism -don't just trust authorities 5. Spirit of innovation and exploration -ex. flush toilet |
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What is Leonardo da Vinci's background?
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-apprenticed to a painter as a teenager
-developed a distinct style -worked for dukes and kings of Europe -didn't actually complete very many things -died in France -He was a Renaissance man |
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How was Leonardo da Vinci a Renaissance man?
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-had many interests: painting, sculpture, architecture, botany, mechanics, etc.
-embodied Renaissance values and ideas -Emphasis on empiricism and optimism |
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How was Leonardo da Vinci a designer?
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-designed machines
-Ex. war, defense, water, flying, airplane machines (scuba gear) *nature is the perfect designer *empiricism + reason |
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How was Leonardo da Vinci the anatomist?
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1. Dissected mostly animals and only one human being
2. Drew very precise drawings of human anatomy 3. Human body is the perfect design and in perfect proportions EX. "Vitruvian Man" "Man is the measure of all things" |
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How was Leonardo a painter in Madonna on the Rocks ?
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1. used empiricism in his paintings
2. used complicated compositions -major lines of figures in Madonna create a triangle -dual light source -complicated set of gestures 3. Human drama -in Madonna can't tell who the babies are -makes viewer think more deeply about the relationship of the figures |
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How was Leonardo a painter in the Mona Lisa?
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-treasure this painting
-became a target -her skin looks translucent like flesh -gradation between lights and darks are really subtle -hair, dress, etc. do not show the her status like the other paintings done at this time |
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How was Leonardo a painter in the Last Supper?
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-experimented on this painting with different painting techniques
-Peter is holding a knife 1. Structure -in a subtle way 2. Dynamism -Jesus is not dead center which creates interest -Ripple of activity out from Jesus, but he remains calm |
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What is Leonardo's legacy?
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-didn't finish much
-he did inspire generations of artists, doctors, anatomist because of his commitment to empiricism and innovation |
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What are the characteristics of the Renaissance?
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-revival of Antiquity: Rome and Greece
-Individualism -Optimism -Secularism -Scientific Revolution (Geometry) |
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What is Giovanni Pico della Mirandola's background?
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-Aristocratic family/wealth
-Study: many universities, languages (Greek, Hebrew, etc.) |
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What were Pico's 900 theses?
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-an attempt to gather all the truths from everywhere
-papacy responds with condemnation |
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What is syncretism?
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-Pico's method
-the approach of the 900 theses *every system shares parts of the truth -no worldview/system has all of the truth -gather truths from many sources like flowers from a garden -Reconcile apparent contradictions RESULT: an collection of all truths: THE 900 THESES |
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What is the traditional conception of the Great Chain of Beings?
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*Dualism between spirit and matter
List follows as so: -Angels -cows -cabbages -Jewelry? -rocks (at the bottom) *Humans may be somewhere between angels and cows |
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What is Pico's contribution to the Great Chain of Being?
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"Double dualism" between God and Humanity
-God gives us freedom to choose were we fall in the list At top: Angels Animals- NECESSITY Vegetables Minterals & Rocks (at bottom) *Most human tend toward the animal side: food, sex, drink, sleep **You have the capability of aspiring upwards toward the spirit level of the angels through reason |
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What are the main points of Pico's "Dignity of Man"?
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-At creation: humans are the highest of God's creation (Gift of reason)
-In relation to the Great Chain: Lower than angels, but have capability of reason -The Fall and sin: human beings have been affected by Fall; Jesus death wiped away those effects of the Fall -Human reason is capable of knowing goodness and living the good life -In relation to error & falsehood: let them flourish because they fan the flames of truth (Optimism- "A man can do all things if he will.") -can help us toward truth |
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What is Pico?
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-rationalist
-humanist -Christian -Optimist |
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What is the background of Thomas Aquinas?
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-created "Thomism"/ scholasticism
-went to live with the Dominicans -family disliked this; brothers kidnapped him, tried to tempt him -However, he still became a Dominican |
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Aquinas epistemology?
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EMPIRICISM (Aristotle was right)
-lower knowledge: observation of the particulars -higher knowledge: attained through RATIONAL PROCESSING -knowledge of the universals Four Causes: 1. Material 2. Efficient 3. Formal 4. Final: goal, end, purpose: ENTELECHY *All humans have the same ENTELECHY *book of nature/scripture |
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Aquinas metaphysics?
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Higher knowledge through rational processing
-dualist ARISTOTLE |
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Aquinas Book of Nature?
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"physical world"
-the two-story universe -sensible: known through senses; THIS world: Terrestial world -intelligible: THAT world; concepts (theory, etc.) *Celestial is also a part of the intelligible |
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what are the "fingerprints of God"?
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-Traces of God in the physical world
* the five proofs 1. from motion 2. from efficient causes 3. ...(from DESIGN) *God must be a designer in the universe |
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What can reason know about the physical/ sensible world?
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-it can come to know everything, but a long process
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What can reason know of the intelligible world?
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-can understand this too!
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What can reason know about the celestial world?
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-can indeed know some things about God and his truth
-can't know all of it, but can know some of it *No limit to what we can know |
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Aquinas Book of Scripture?
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-includes all direct revelations
-read this empirically and through observation -read by faith -gives a fuller and richer knowledge of God -w/o revelation the smart would grow prideful -w/o revelation, only the intelligent and diligent would come to know God |
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Why should we trust reason according to Aquinas?
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-Imago Dei - we are the the image of God
-it is our reason that makes us most like God -all truth is God's truth -God made both books: scripture/nature |
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Aquinas anthropology?
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understanding human nature
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Aquinas ethics?
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ENTELECHY
-reason makes us human -Summum Bonum for the NATURAL person -Entelechy--> EUDAIMONIA (not a feeling...lifelong action; living your life in accordance w/ reason) -The Summum Bonum--> for the SPIRITUAL person -Entelecy--> Beatitude (Blessedness) |
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The impact of the Fall on nature?
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-includes a corrupting of the physical world itself (mountains, valleys)
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The impact of the Fall on human nature?
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-death
-we are cut off from God |
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The impact of the Fall on human reason?
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-reason has been weakened, but can still be trusted
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What does Aquinas believe about evil?
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-No real thing called evil
-evil=absence of the good -only evil choices such as disordered love |
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What are four levels of law?
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1. ETERNAL LAW
-God's overarching plan -we will never know this 2. Divine Law and Natural law -divine law: comes by book of scripture -natural law: book of nature, can find through empiricism 3. Human laws -must follow laws that agree with two above -"Man is a political animal." |
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Aquinas politics?
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-pre-lapsarian
-Its part of our nature to live in a society -State should promote law and order and the common good |
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What words describe Thomas Aquinas?
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-Christian
-Rationalist -Optimistic -Humanist -Aristotelian -Empiricist |
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Background of St. Augustine?
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-born in South Africa
-Christian mother and pagan father -good education, but a rebel -converted and pursued ministry -became the Bishop of Hippo |
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Anthropology of Augustine?
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-Imago Dei- the image of God
-people are originally good -God's very thoughts are in us (Rationes Aeternae) -we are all tainted by sin from the Fall -we have a will/ the ability to choose which is contrary to Plato |
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Augustine's epistemology?
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INNATISM
-Lower knowledge gives knowledge of God's creation -limits: senses change and can be mistaken -can't tell about the "other" world -Higher knowledge -Rationes Aeternae (God's thoughts) -Cloud of sin makes us hard to see God's thoughts |
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What is general illumination?
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Augustine
-a little bit of God's light get through the cloud of sin |
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What is special illumination?
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-when God removes cloud of sin and you can understand
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What is Credo ut Intelligam?
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"I believe that I might know"
-start w/ faith and it leads to reason 1. faith in jesus christ 2. as revealed in scripture 3. and taught by the Church |
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Augustine's metaphysics?
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"God is the measure of all things"
-dualism: 2 worlds (intelligible and sensible) -creation ex hihilo (out of nothing) -God is the one who created -God has to support it as well -"We dont' create, we transform" |
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Augustine's ethics?
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2 loves: ordered and disordered
-ordered: love God 1st, others, self, stuff (all good cuz God created them) -disordered: any other order |
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Augustine's problem of evil?
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-God is good
-God is all-powerful -There is evil: in the world and in me |
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Augustine's solution to evil?
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-there are no evil things
-only evil choices -evil is disordered love -we create evil ex nihilo |
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Augustine's politics?
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2 cities
-The city of God: all those practicing ordered love -the city of man: all those who are practicing disordered love *he meant the "individual agents" of God should promote common good -role of state is to promote law and order; no promoting of the common good (post-lapsarian) |
