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79 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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worldview
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a set of presuppositions that we hold about the makeup of our world. like the view of the nature of God, humanity, and the world. it includes ways of knowing. it influences our behaviors. what one believes about reality influences how one responds to reality
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what are the characteristics of a worldview?
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they are universal, they are conscious or unconscious, it may be consistent or inconsistent, generally determined by one's culture, influences behavior, is changeable, and it may conflict with others
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what are the four ways of knowing (epistemologies)?
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intuition - personal, unmediated, involuntary, dreams, not universal. empiricism - science, data, facts, senses, observation, experience, Aristotle, senese aren't always reliabe. innatism - inborn, universal, self-evident, logical. authority - parent, teacher, book, tradition, not always reliable, prevents dangers of learning from experience
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What is the role and value of a worldview for a culture?
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formative - basis upon which a culture is established. explanative - provides culture w/ explanation of reality. evaluatve - provides the basis for evaluating experience. supportive- provides psychological reinforcement for a way of life. integrative - helps culture integrate new info,values, philosophy
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What are the three big questions of the worldview studies program?
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What is the nature of "reality" (God, the world, humanity)? How do we know? How should we act in response to reality?
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What is the nature of God (various options)?
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God or no god? one or multiple? personal or impersonal? immanent or transcendent?
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pantheism
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all is god. god is within the universe (immanent)
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deism
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god is beyond the universe
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basic questions about the nature of the world
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created or autonomous, matieral or spiritual, temporal or eternal, finite or infinite, cyclical or linear, chaotic or orderly, open or closed?
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questions about the nature of humanity
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chemical properties or fearfully and wonderfully made? highly developed amobea or in the image of God?
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theism
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belief in god
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atheism
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rejection of belief in God
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monotheism
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belief in one god
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polytheism
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belief in many gods
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transcendent
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existent beyond or independent from the universe
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immanent
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indwelling or identified with the universe
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temporal
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with beginning and end, temporary, transitory
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eternal
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without beginning or end
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finite
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having bounds or limits
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theology
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the study of God
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cosmology
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philosophical study of the origins and nature of the universe
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anthropology
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the study of human beings and culture
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ethnocentrism, chronological snobbery, blind faith in science
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ethnocentrism = defines how we say that everything we believe is the best, judging others. chronological snobbery - ideas that are old, because we're the best and the brightest ever because we have science. blind faith in science - science will save us from everything
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five reasons humans turn to religion
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fear, wonder, dreams, soul, animism
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animism
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the enlivening of things with a spirit or soul
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major chacteristics of the primal world?
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nature: direct, continuous contract. weather is life or death. catastrophe is out of control. atheism: may be a product of affluence. very few atheists in primal cultures
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how is community defined in primal religions?
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all living and dead humans, all animals, plants, geography, cultural rules, weather, spirits, cultural artifacts
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what are some common characteristics of primal religions?
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oral vs. written, no distinction between religious and secular, place vs. space, eternal time - beginning was best, get further away from good (linear), spirit world (omens), symbols (anti empiricism), spiritual specialists
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what rituals are often associated with primal religions?
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rituals for food and water, sowing, harvesting, hunting, and gathering, rain and floods, kind of death, placating the dead, appeasing the spirits, kind of birth, women and children. closed societies
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communitarian
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group's rights/needs are most important
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how do western worldviews compare to primal religions with their treatment of the 5 motivations for religion?
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fear - childish, faith in technology. wonder - based on ignorance, faith in science. dreams - irrational fantasy, psychology has no consistent exlpainations. soul - cannot be proven to exist. science will unfold mystery or spirtual realm is valid. animism - either everything's alive or there's no spiritual meaning
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important hindu texts
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vedas: most sacred, but least used. upanishads: used by priests. epics: slightly more accessible
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maya
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the illusion of the physical world
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darma
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duty in life
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karma
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balance sheet from previous life that determines your job in life (hinduism)
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moksha *
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liberation from the cycle of reincarnation (hinduism)
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metaphysics
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nature of god, humanity, and the world. varies between different worldviews.
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Siddhartha Gautama
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founder of buddism. achieved enlightenment and became buddha (enlightened one)
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atman
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name for the inner soul (hinduism)
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advaita
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the doctrine that there is no duality between the spiritual and the physical, because they are all of one essense or energy
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the two branches of buddhism
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theravada: the "classical form" with lesser followers. mahayana: the "newer" form with a larger following
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four noble truths
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buddhism. existence of suffering, cause of suffering (attachment), cessation of suffering (nirvana), path to cessation of suffering
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nirvana
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term for enlightenment or the cessation of suffering (buddhism)
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eight fold path
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right knowledge, right aspiration, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right meditation
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what is biblical revelation?
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the act of revealing or disclosing
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what is general and special revelation?
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general: comes from observation, through creation. special: disclosure, the Bible (god reveals things to humanity), must be told to you
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How do jewish, christian and islamic people view the bible and their tradition?
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jewish - torah isn't just stories and laws, but a love letter from God. Judiasm as a faith tradition is an ELABORATION of old testament. Christianity: scriptures are from God (special revelation), christiany as a faith tradition believes in the fulfillment of the old testament in christ. islam: both jewish and christian scriptures are subordinate to quarn. islam as a faith tradition is a correction of jewish and christian teachings
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how did we get the bible?
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transmitted orally. then written by over 40 people later. on scrolls
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canon
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"reed", rule, standard. meets the rule
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arrangement of jewish canon
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law ("torah") - first five books. prophets, writings
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apocrypha
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catholic "hidden" books
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three key themes of the bible
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creation, fall, redemption (covenant)
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exegesis
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to get at the root meaning of a text
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parts of the covenant
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CALL of abraham, COVENANT with abraham (sacrifice, god walks through blood), CONFIRMATION of covenant (circumcision), TESTING of abraham (sacrificing of isaac), REITERATION of covenant (to isaac and jacob), REAFFIRMATION of covenant (to moses - passover (deliverance from bondage) and giving of the law), FULFILLMENT of covenant through jesus
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covenant
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an agreement between two or more parties outlining mutual rights and responsibilities. key attribute of God's relationship with his people
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parts of the LAW
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preamble, historical prologue, stipulations, provisions for deposit of text and periodic readign, blessings and curses
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Hebrew
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cultural: "one from the regions beyond the euphrates river", abram and those of his descendants traced through isaac
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israelite
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political: a member of the kingdom of the hebrews under joshua, judges, and kings. or a citizen of israel from 1948 +
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jew
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1. one who accepts the faith - religious
2. one who regards the teachings of judiams (its ethnic folkways and literature) as his own - cultural 3. one who considers himself a jew and is considered this by community - practical or ethnic |
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torah (pentateuch)
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613 commandments. first five books. contains dietary laws (kashrat) and economic laws (sabbath and jubilee)
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mishnah
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200 ad. rabbinic teachings on the torah. 150 rabbis
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gemara
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350-500 ad. rabbinic teachings on the mishnah
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talmuds
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400-500 ad. combination of mishnah and gemara. about 2000 scholars. ultimate source of authority
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jewish observances (holidays)
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rosh hashanah (new years day) in the fall. remember god's blessing. yom kippur - end of ten days in that new year. day of atonement. passover - remembers deliverance out of egypt
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sadducees
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traced to jewish priestly class. interpreted torah. leaders of religious ceremonies. keepers of past. no afterlife.
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pharisees
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"set apart ones". elaborated on torah. believe in after life.
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essenes
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mystical, visionaries. lived away from society. purity of ritual.
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zealots
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wanted to bring old israel back. transformed jewish message into revolutionary movement
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samartians
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traced back to joseph. the "chosen" ones
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reform judiasm
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came here in 19th centruy (pogroms in russia?), afraid of persecution, don't want to be set apart, adapt to american life, torah is open to change
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orthodox judiasm
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"normal" judiasm. keeps the 3000 yr religion intact. traditionalists. torah cannot adapt.
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conservative judiasm
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in the middle. believe in the torah and historical judiasm. room for a little movement
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kabbalah judiasm
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mystical. union w/ god. social movement.
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importance of tikkun olam
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have a positive influence, service to others, make world a better place, redemptive work (judiasm)
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five pillars of islam
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creed (shahada), prayer (salat, 5 times a day), fasting (during ramadan during the day), alms (giving to the poor - zakat), pilgramidge (hajj) to mecca
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was the purpose of islam to create a new religion?
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no, they were more interested in economics. they conquered egypt, the center of learning. came to correct the religion of the jews and christians, not create a new one. imposed arabic language on conquered
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islam and christianity agreements
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jesus was sent by God, Jesus performed miracles, the virgin birth through mary, Jesus is sinless, Jesus ascended to heaven in the flesh, there will be a judgement day
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islam and christianity disagreements
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Jesus is not God - God is not a trinity, jesus it a prophet and will come back and die. jesus was not crucified. there is no assurance of salvation except martyrs and children. the beginning of faith. the bible has changed and corrupted but the koran has not. god's language is arabic. believe in a master/slave relationship not father/son
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dynamic equivalents using christian terminology
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koran = jesus (word of God)
muhammad = mary (birth to the word of God) illiteracy of muhammad = virginity of mary veneration of muhammed = veneration of mary gabriel = holy spirit sunnah. hadith (sayings of muhammd), deeds (conduct/actions of muhammad) = bible |
