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392 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How did European commercial involvements in Africa and Asia respond:
|
intensified
|
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Why did European commercial interests intensify in Africa and Asia:
|
Industrialism in Britain
|
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In what entities in Britain did this effect:
|
economic, military, and technological might
|
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Why was Britain so different than other western nations in the same situation:
|
Britain was more aggressive in developing and safeguarding overseas commercial contacts during this period
|
|
Who were the chief players of joint stock companies in Asia trade:
|
British, French, Dutch East India Companies
|
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What 2 elements formed the economic base of New World
|
Plantations sustained by slave labor
|
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What was the hub of economic base in the New World
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West Indies
|
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What was a great port location for pirates of the Caribbean
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Kingston, Jamaica man
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New World colonies served the mercantilist goals of...
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European Monarchs
|
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How did monarchs facilitate development of new world economic pursuits
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Granted advantageous trade monopolies with its colonies
|
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How did Monrachs justify creating trade monopolies that pursued activity in the New World
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Religious mission of saving the immortal souls of "heathens"
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What type of imperialism supplanted the older mercantile-religious colonial regime
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New Liberal Empire
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How did New Liberal Imperial interests shift
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abandoned New World pursuits for Asia and Africa
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What followed in the wake European economic pursuits into Asia and Africa
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European Government
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What 4 groups staked claims during the Liberal Imperialism era
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entrepenuers, merchants, missionaries, and explorers
|
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What was a territory called that Europeans had to protect its interests and activities
|
Sphere of Influence
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Shifting from mercantilism, in what economic context did most Europeans iperate in
|
market economy
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What did the Western World see the non-Western world as far as economic context: 2 parts to this
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Untapped Markets for Euro manufactured goods and source for raw materials
|
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What two entities was the era of Liberal Imperialsm culture steeped in
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Enlightenment & Liberal Universalism
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Who did the Europeans feel Liberal Imperislam benefited
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Europeans themselves but also an opportunity to bring the fruits of European civilization to non-Western world
|
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in Early 19th century there was a shift from mercantile Imperialism to Liberal Imperialism, what did this shift to in the LATE 19th century
|
"New Imperialism"
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What elemetns characterize New Imperialism
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agressive expansion and competition between Euro nation states
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How long did it take for Europe to conquer virtualy all of Africa and vast regions of Asia
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A couple of decades
|
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What 2 elements changed European attitudes toward colonial subjects in the later 19th century
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Anti-colonial insurgence and Darwinian Philosophy
|
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What is a 2 word term for darwins Ideals
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"Biological Determinism"
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Hw was the turn of the centruy (19th-20th) a moment of intense contradictions
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New Imperialsim undermined the principles of Liberal Imperialism
|
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What two operational elemnts di Europeans have to rethink during New Imperislism
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desireability and feasability of Europeanizing non-European peoples
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What did Europeans lose in the 19th century
|
American Colonies - they liberated themselves
|
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How agressive was imperialism in the first 2/3 d's of the 19th century
|
not - slow
|
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As settlments expanded - even if it was slow at first, what eventually got sucked into the issue
|
European governments and new foreign policies
|
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The expansionism of this period had its economic foundations in
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Capitalism
|
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What imiage did Europeans want to create in the culture of over seas colonies
|
European image
|
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What was the primary external threat to Europen Empire durng the late 18th centruy: 2 items
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Independence Movements &Slave Revolts
|
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What 2 internal issues created a threat to lEuropean Empire during late 18th century
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gradual rise of market economy & cultural revolution
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What sparked the cultural revolution of the late 18th century
|
Enlightenment
|
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What undermined the foundations of the Old Empire
|
Enlightenment
|
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What was the starting moment of independence movements
|
American Revolution
|
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What territory did France lsoe in America
|
Haiti
|
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What years (time frame) did France, Portugal, and Spain lose thier American territories
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1804-1824
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What territory did Portugal lose
|
Brazil
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What territory did Spain lose yet also retain
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most of Latin America except Peurto Rico and Cuba
|
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What event does cause Spain to finaly lose the ir last 2 teritories in America
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Spanish American War
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What type of people led the recolt in latin American teritories
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Creole elites
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What is a Creole Elite
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American people of European descent
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What 2 events were examples for Latin Amer independence movements
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American and French Revolutions
|
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What constituted the central part of the asault on the mercantile colonial world
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Slave agitation
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name for runaway slaves
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Maroons
|
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Where did runaway slaves of latin America live
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outlaw societies behind the lines of colonial settlement
|
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What type of attacks did outlaw runaway slaves conduct
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guerrilla warefare attacks
|
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What was the phenomenon of slave attacks on plantations caled
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Maroon Wars
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Beside outlaw runaway slave attacks what other form of threat hit plantations
|
internal slave revolts
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From what 2 territories identified did slave revolts happen
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Dutch Surinam to British Jamaica
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Besides Britain, what other two countries had abolitionist movements
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France and the Netherlands
|
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What was the catalyst for antislavery movements
|
Religion
|
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Including Quakers, where did the abolitionist movemnt in ainstrema religion spread
|
Evangelicals
|
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Who was the individual that led the abolitionist movement
|
William Wilberforce
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Who joined forces with religeous abolitionists
|
Secular abolitionists
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What ideology also made slavery seem inhumane
|
Humanism climate of Enligghtenment
|
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Who is the 17th century thinker that condones slavery and supported reason as the proper approach
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John Locke
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Who were the two French thinkers that supported humanist aproaches to slavery
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Montesqiue & Diterot
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What was Wilberforce a member of
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Parliament
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Define Enlightenment Universalism
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belief in the basic sameness of all humans
|
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What were post French Revolutionary thinkers comparing with oppressed Africans
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disenfranchised poor Europeans
|
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Identifiy the 3 values/principles in the universalist framework
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1. Natural and inalienable right to freedom
2. ownership of ones self & labor 3. Equality before the law |
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The Enlightenment brought optimism and emphasis on
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the inner goodness and malleability of humans
|
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Identify the 3 elements of how Enlightenment thinkers rejected slavery
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1. unreasonable
2. Unnatural 3. Immoral system |
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What 'culturuarl feeling' did the Enlightenment and Religeous arguement against slavery influence in the late 18th century
|
Romantically oriented popular culture
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What did the romantic pop culture allow elite women to elicit
|
it made the antislavery position fashionable
|
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Who was 'fashionably antislavery' most appealign to
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Elite well to do women
|
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What population played a pivotable role in bringing the antislavery movement around
|
elite well to do women
|
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How did the new sentimental 'world view' cast slavers
|
as innocent victims
|
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How did educated civilized Europeans feel slavery did to their own culture
|
impeded moral progress
|
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Who were the 3 Romanic poets who attacked tyrany and human bondage
|
1. William Wordsworth
2. Percy Bysshe Shelley 3. Robert Burns |
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What 3 physical action did abolishionist take
|
signed petitions, circulated pamplets, exposed the cruelties
|
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Why did merchants support the abolitionist movement
|
thier trade was hindered by protective tarriffs and slavery
|
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Howdid protective tarriffs hinder merchants
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it prevented cheaper foriegn goods from being traded competativley in the market place
|
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Where was a major production area for British sugar
|
Jamaica
|
|
Why did British merchants reject the protected tarriffs the British Government placed on jamaican sugar
|
it forced them to accept the prices of Jamaican sugar instead of cheaper sugar from otger places
|
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Where could British merchants have gotten cheaper sugar from: 2
|
French Haiti and Spanish Saint-Domingue
|
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What 2 elements did capitalists base thier antislavery rhetoric on
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theory and real world experience
|
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Where did capitalists get thier theory for a basis for antislavery
|
mercantile critics such as Adam Smith and david Ricardo
|
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What law did capitalsi theorists use as thier arguement against slavery
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law of rational utility
|
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What was the rationale of the natural law of utility
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slavery prevented most people from pursueing thier economic self interest
|
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What 2 basic elements did free market thinkers argue afforded economic liberty
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it was natural and rational
|
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Who and why did free market thinkers say benefited from shift away from mercantile system
|
most people becauseit generated lower prices all around
|
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What 2 elements did Smith argue that the mercantile had a built in censure had
|
inefficiency and inflexibility
|
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Why did Smith say that slavery had in a built in inefficiency
|
slaves lacked profit motive to produce
|
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What did Smith argue about slavery being inflexible
|
slaves could not be laid off during an economic slump
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For those unconvinced of abolition, what 2 events of the late 18th century offered evidence of mercatile retrograde
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rapid deterioration of Haiti and Jamaica
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Who was gaining in power in Europe around 1800 that supported abolition
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Growing wealth and influence of merchant capitalsits
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Who outlawed Atlantic slave trade first and when first
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Denmark 1803
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When did Britian and United States end Atlantic slave trade
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1807
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When did Spain, Portugal , France, and the Netherlands abolish Atlantic slave trade
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1815, but actually did little to eliminate it
|
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How did the British respond to maing the slave trade end
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took agresive steps, searched ships, provided pasage to Liberia,
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What unique population helped create the nation of Liberia
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freed American slaves
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When was Liberia founded
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1821
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When did the British abolish slavery
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1834
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How many slaves were emancipated when British abolished slavery
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780,000
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How much did the British Government pay slave owners in compensation
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20 million pounds
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Who was the next country after the British to abolish slavery
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Denmark and France in 1848
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When did the Dutch abolish slavery in the New World Colonies
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1863
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When did United States abolish aslavery
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1865
|
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When was slavery abolished in Spanish Cuba
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1886
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When was slavery abolished in Brazil
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1888
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When did free market capitalists feel the belief in individual pursuit of profit in a free, self regulating market was eficient, natutal, and moral was considered common sense
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1830's
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What years are considered the peak era of economic libralism
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1830-1870
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What was the driving mechanism that threatened to stop free trade
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competition between European nation states for spheres of influence in dstannt lands
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What new emerging population could threten European free trade
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competion from indigenous trade/merchants
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What two thinkers felt that the differences between two people/cultures was greater than the sameness of them
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Montesquie and Voltaire
|
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Who was the Swedish and French philosphers who attempted to clasify humans
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carolus Linnaeus and georges-Louis Leclrc de Buffons
|
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natural scientists belived that the process of development could be guided and acelerated through
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reasoned social intervention
|
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What is the term for how people are less convinved of thier own superiority and more critical of colonial enterprise
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cultural relativism
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What 2 cultures did Voltaire respect in the context of cultural relativism
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Chinese and Islamic civilization
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Who was the english historian whos admiration of Islam exemplified the trend of cultural relativism
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Edward Gibbons
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Who was the enlightened philosopher who exalted New World societies as models of virtue and freedom
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Rousseau
|
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How did European commercial involvements in Africa and Asia respond to Liberal Imperialsim:
|
intensified due to industrialism
|
|
In what 3 elements in Britain did this effect:
|
economic, military, and technological might
|
|
Why was Britain so different than other western nations in the same situation:
|
Britain was more aggressive in developing and safeguarding overseas commercial contacts during this period
|
|
Who were the chief players of joint stock companies in Asia trade:
|
British, French, Dutch East India Companies
|
|
What were they doing in the 19th century:
|
exploiting relationships they had developed over the last 200 years
|
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What were the 3 main items they were trading for:
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spices, silk, luxury goods
|
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When did these companies start to center themselves in clusters of trade ports and factories along Asian coastlines:
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early 18th century – 1700-1730
|
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What countries did this mainly include:
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China, Philippines, Java, India
|
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Major ports included:
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Bombay, Batavia, Canton
|
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Who dominated this trade from the 1500-1680:
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Portuguese
|
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Who dominated from 1680-1730:
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Dutch
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Who dominated from 1730 on:
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French & British
|
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When did the British East India make itself unlike its counterparts in France and Netherlands:
|
1757 Battle of Plassey
|
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Who did the BEIC defeat in this battle:
|
Nawab of Bengal
|
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This battle (Plassey) was both symbolic and:
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economic
|
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How was the victory at Plassay an economic and symbolic win
|
final blow that crushed the Mughal Empire, fortified the BEIC as a political power in subcontinent, gave Britain access to enormous Indian wealth
|
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The capture of Bengal thus gave the British:
|
a firm base of territorial expansion inIndia from 1760-1860
|
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How much trade did Bengal provide the BEIC up to this point:
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75%
|
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What happen to Bengal after this:
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brought economic disaster
|
|
What were the 3 items Brits were getting from there:
|
textiles, metal goods, spices
|
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What currency did they pay in:
|
silver bullion from the New World
|
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After Plassey how did the British pay:
|
land revenues
|
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What happened to Bengali external trade:
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British took it over
|
|
From here the British expanded out into India transforming the economy into a:
|
closed economy where taxation was extracted as the British took over the trade and severed foreign contacts Indian traders had previously established
|
|
This then altered to items of the Indian economy:
|
structure and orientation
|
|
Examples of this include:
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Britain stopped importing calicoes and other textiles replacing it with raw materials
|
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What were the main raw materials:
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cotton and indigo
|
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What did this support back in Britain:
|
mills and textile manufacturers
|
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What therefore declined in India:
|
manufacturing
|
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By 1840 how much had this reversed- how much textile goods were imported into India by India from Britain:
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more than 50%
|
|
How did Indian agriculture change:
|
shifted from subsistence to commercialized
|
|
What would be the long term effects of commercialized ag:
|
famine and massive death
|
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Who was the chief rival for the British in Central Asia:
|
Russia
|
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What areas did the British annex to the west of India:
|
Punjab and the Sind
|
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Why:
|
creat a buffer zone for British v Russia
|
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When:
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1840
|
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What area did they attempt to annex next:
|
Afghanistan
|
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How was this different:
|
met heavy resistance
|
|
When were the two Afghan Wars:
|
1839-1842 & 1878-1880
|
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What had Afghanistan become to the British by 1880:
|
a client state
|
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Who was harassing the British on their northern Indian frontier:
|
Burma Myanmar
|
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When were the 3 Burmese Wars:
|
1826, 1852, 1886,
|
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What was the result:
|
Britain annexed Burma
|
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After the fall of the Mughals who were 2 other non-western empires the British took aim at:
|
Ottomans and Qing
|
|
What was the label given to the Ottomans by the Brits:
|
“The Sick Man of Europe”
|
|
What was the label for the Qing:
|
“The Sick man of the East”
|
|
How was the British approach to Ottomans and Qing different:
|
instead of territorial conquest it was more financial subjugation
|
|
Why was this approach more desirable:
|
avoided the high costs of ‘direct rule’
|
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What aided to the reason for this approach:
|
Qing and Ottomans, although ailing, still held on to a reasonable amount of political power
|
|
What other purpose did this serve the British:
|
served as Buffer zones against the Russian expansion north of Ottomans and Japanese expansion in Asia
|
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What was the Ottoman Empire ready for by the 19th century:
|
ripe for infiltration
|
|
What were the borders of Ottoman Empire:
|
Algeria in the west, Persia and Arabia in the East, Balkans in the north, Egypt and Sudan in the south
|
|
When was the Ottoman empire at its peak:
|
16th century
|
|
What effect did the shared Islamic faith provide the Ottoman Empire:
|
Political & cultural cohesion
|
|
Who was the leader of the Ottomans in early 19th century:
|
Sultan Mahmud II
|
|
How was it evident that he was weak:
|
challenged by the ambitions of provincial governers
|
|
What program did Mahmud II attempt:
|
Tanzimat reforms
|
|
What does Tanzimat reforms mean:
|
technological, administrative and legal westernization
|
|
Who resisted his efforts the most:
|
military (janissaries) and clerics
|
|
Why:
|
they feared pollution of Islamic culture
|
|
Why did Europe especially Britain support the reforms:
|
diplomatic and political reasons
|
|
What was the near term result” Ottoman Dependency when British were asked to intervene in regional conflicts
|
??
|
|
Where and when was this initial action:
|
Syria in 1838
|
|
What was the threat in Syria:
|
A breakaway Ottoman Empire seized Syria in 1831
|
|
What response was experience from Europe:
|
British and French demand full Tanzimat implementation
|
|
How did France & Britain exploit this:
|
by trade privileges and extraterritorial rights
|
|
What became of the Ottoman Empire by 1840’s:
|
a de facto economy colony of the British
|
|
How was this exploited:
|
Ottomans forced to export raw materials to Britain and to import British manufactured goods in large quantities
|
|
What raw items were exported:
|
cotton, cereals, opium
|
|
What items were imported:
|
textiles and machinery
|
|
What effect did this have at the local level of Ottoman society:
|
near fatal blow to handicraft industries especially textiles
|
|
When did economic dependence turn into subjugation and what event:
|
Crimean War 1852-1854
|
|
How did the Crimean war cause the Ottomans to capitulate to the French/Brits:
|
they borrowed money on unfavorable terms to subsidize military mobilization
|
|
What institution was created to handle the bankrupt state:
|
Ottoman Public Debt commission
|
|
When was the ottoman Public Debt formed:
|
1881
|
|
This included control over what entities:
|
taxation, tariffs, and provincial tribute system
|
|
How did European financial involvement have social and cultural repercussions:
|
a once culturally cohesive Ottoman Empire fragmented across ethnic and religious lines as the British and French sough tto align themselves with Non-muslim Ottoman minorities
|
|
How were Jesish and Christian intermediaries facilitating the transactions rewarded:
|
allowed to buy European passports
|
|
How did this give these minorities an advantage:
|
qualified them for the same judicial immunity granted to Europeans
|
|
Besides economic motives, what else did the Europeans feel compelled to do:
|
act as civilizers of a degenerate “Oriental” empire
|
|
What problem also arose as privileged groups profited in the Ottoman empire:
|
extensive suffering to peasants and artisans
|
|
Was the narrative similar or different in China:
|
similar
|
|
Who was ruling in China:
|
Manchu Qing
|
|
When did they experience prosperity:
|
mid 17th century to tun of the 19th century (1650-1800)
|
|
During that time did they seek to expand or consolidate locally:
|
expand
|
|
What was Chinese experience and approach to interacting with European:
|
resolutely isolated and unaware and indifferent
|
|
What major intellectual era did China not know about Europe:
|
Enlightenment
|
|
What regions did the enlightenment influence the elites of:
|
Europe, North America, South America
|
|
What element did the Chinese also express no interest of:
|
European manufactures
|
|
In contrast Europeans were interested in Chinese:
|
tea, silk, porcelain, and paper
|
|
When and what reversed this imbalance:
|
late eighteenth century opium
|
|
Who smoked this:
|
it was entrenched at all levels of Chinese society
|
|
What response did the Chinese have politically to this trade:
|
official ban on opium imports
|
|
How well did the ban work:
|
Chinese demand for opium skyrocketed
|
|
How did Europeans help this process:
|
British East India Company supplied it from cheap Indian produced opium
|
|
What as especially paid for from the opium sales:
|
tea
|
|
What affects did this have on Chinese economy:
|
huge silver shortages and and opium addiction debilitated large segments of the society
|
|
How did the emperor try to address this in 1840:
|
blockaded the port of Canton, seized opium supplies
|
|
How did the British respond:
|
sent an armed navy starting the Opium War
|
|
When was the opium war and who won:
|
1840-42-British
|
|
What treaty was signed to end the war: Treaty of Nanjing
|
Treaty of Nanjing
|
|
What elements were agreed upon in the treaty:
|
British get Hong Kong, trading rights in 5 other ports, forced China to pay an indemnity for the war
|
|
When was the 2nd opium war:
|
1856-58
|
|
What did China cede after the 2nd opium war: protection to British, French, United States, and Russia
|
extraterritorial rights, trading privileges, missionary
|
|
How did the Qing Emperor respond:
|
refused to ratify the treaty
|
|
How did the Euro’s respond to this:
|
occupied Peking in 1860, burned the Emperors imperial garden at the Summer Palace and Russia got Vladivostok
|
|
Where is Vladivostok:
|
??
|
|
What were the 2 main problems this brought China:
|
economic hardships and political humiliation
|
|
What major problem did Qing experience next:
|
Taiping rebellion
|
|
When:
|
1850-1864
|
|
What affect did this have:
|
further destabilized the political and social situation
|
|
What were the goals of this millenarian peasant movement:
|
overthrow the Euro dominated Wing, establish a harmonious, egalitarian society
|
|
What was the death toll:
|
20 mill
|
|
Why did Euros intervene:
|
safeguard their trading privileges
|
|
How was the rebellion ended:
|
Western trained “Ever-Victorious Army” quashed the rebels
|
|
When:
|
1864
|
|
Who led this:
|
General Charles “Chinese” Gordon
|
|
How long to what year did sporadic uprising continue:
|
1868
|
|
The Qing were rescued – how did this effect the British:
|
significantly increased their influence
|
|
Even though the British exploited the situation in China – they never actually:
|
colonized it
|
|
That with the exception of:
|
Hong Kong
|
|
At what level did Europeans diffuse into Chinese society:
|
not much – they stayed clusted in port areas
|
|
China economic subjugation was part of a larger plan the British had for its relationship with China:
|
make the empire self financing
|
|
By using cheap Indian produced opium, the British in a way got:
|
India to finance the overthrow of China
|
|
What happen to the Chinese silver connection: of there reserves trying to prevent their downfall
|
not only did they lose the bullion trade they spend much
|
|
Where did the British establish settler colonies:
|
Australia and New Zealand
|
|
How did the British get involved with the Dutch settlements:
|
French revolutionary forces occupied the Netherlands so they ask Britain to watch over them starting in 1795
|
|
When did the Dutch regain control ove the East Indies from the Brits:
|
1808
|
|
What settlements came from this activity: ”
|
Brits gained the ‘Straits Settlements
|
|
What ports consisted of the ‘Straights Settlement”
|
Penang, Malacca, Singapore
|
|
133. When did British trade come to and abrupt halt in China:
|
1833
|
|
What event:
|
Charter Act of 1833
|
|
Where did Brits turn their attention to and for what:
|
SE Asia – tin mines and rubber production
|
|
SE Asia fell into the classical colonial economic arrangement which was”
|
produce raw materials for production in Europe
|
|
Britis no longer used SE as as a:
|
trade depot
|
|
What kingdoms and chiefdoms gradually started to fall into the British sphere of influence such as:
|
Siam
|
|
140. Why was Siam unique compared to other chiefdoms:
|
it was touted as an exception to the rule but it fell as well
|
|
Today’s name for Siam:
|
Thailand
|
|
When did this process of Siam losing political independence to Britain begin:
|
1820’s and 1830’s
|
|
What Policy change did d the Monarch of Siam make:
|
abandoned centuries old isolationist policy and open up trade with Europe
|
|
Specifics of Siam opening up relations were:
|
negotiated trade treaties and relinquishing some territory in the interests of maintaining political independence
|
|
Where did Euro attempts to exert their influence fail for the first time:
|
Japan
|
|
What type of rule was the Siamese Monarch fend off:
|
direct rule
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How did the Monarch fend off direct rule:
|
launching an ambitious program of Westernization
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What type of Westernization programs did the monarch of Siam enact:
|
Euro-style education and appointment of foreign advisor to the government
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Siam’s foreign policy decisions were done so within the context of:
|
competing Europena interests in the region
|
|
Implicit colonization means: of Europeans but the Euros still control much of the operations
|
countries attempted to modernize and westernize to prevent direct rule
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|
What areas of the Pacific were tunred into settler colonies:
|
Australia and New Zealand
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What did the conquest of New Zealand and Australia deviate from:
|
liberal paternalism and economic imperialism
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What did the settlement of Australia mirror:
|
that of America in the 17th and 18th century
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In What way:
|
strident frontier mentaliy, thirst for land, and unapologetic decimation of indigenous populations
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What type of colony was initially established in Australia:
|
penal colony
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|
What was the penal colony a substitution for:
|
capital punishment
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|
What year did the beginning of penal colony in the Pacific begin:
|
1788
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|
What restriction did Britain have on emigration to Australia:
|
free labor was not allowed to emigrate in order to prevent manpower loss in Britain
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How did British citizens react to the emigration restriction:
|
land hungry settlers came anyway
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When did British settlement of Australia increase:
|
1840’s
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How was emigration rewarded:
|
cash incentives
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Why were cash incentives used:
|
to entice a more affluent Britain to emigrate
|
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What caused the emigration to soar:
|
Australian Gold Rush
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When was the Australian Gold rush:
|
1851
|
|
When did British settlers start to arrive in New Zealand:
|
1839
|
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What entity enticed settlers to New Zealand:
|
New Zealand Trading Company
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|
Emigration to New Zeeland was officially:
|
discouraged by the British gov
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|
How many immigrants went to New Zeeland Australia area in 1850’s:
|
over a million
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What were British descendent settlers called:
|
“the White Dominions”
|
|
1What were White Dominions naturally awarded: y
|
governemtn positions ina colonial hierarch
|
|
What did British settlers eventually start to identify themselves as:
|
self identify as natives and pressed for self government
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In what structure did they reward self government:
|
incremental steps
|
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When was Australia and New Zealand granted limited autonomy:
|
1850’s
|
|
What did the British confer:
|
Dominion Status
|
|
What was Dominion status:
|
a classification that offered domestic autonomy but British remained in control of foreign policy and trade
|
|
When did Dominion countries reciev that title:
|
Canada 1867, Astr-NewZ 1907, South Africa 1910
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What happened to indigenous people:
|
died of disease and forced off their land, local trade killed off
|
|
What made this activity a violent affair:
|
British military aided the settlers
|
|
What treaty was signed in New Zealand and When:
|
treaty of Waitangi 1840
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What did Waitiangi treaty promise:
|
Maori land protection
|
|
What was the reaction of this promise:
|
settlers reneged on it
|
|
What did this activity by settlers create:
|
Maoris fought back, drawing the British into Armed conflict
|
|
What was the result of armed conflict between the British and Maori:
|
British savagely crushed the Maori
|
|
What appeared to be evolving in Japan in the early to mid 19th century:
|
appeared they would follow in the footsteps of the Qing due to Russian intervention
|
|
What did the Americans and Europeans attempt to do:
|
end Japans isolationism and foster trading contracts
|
|
Who induced the Japanese into the first trading agreement:
|
Commodore Mathew Perry
|
|
When
|
1854
|
|
What was the reaction by Europeans:
|
they also started to push for agreements
|
|
What was the government of Japan called at this time:
|
Tokogawa
|
|
What was the revolution in Japan called:
|
Meiji Restoration
|
|
When was the meii restoration:
|
1868
|
|
How did this change Japan:
|
from feudalism to rapid fire industrialism
|
|
What 2 areas did they westernize in:
|
government and education
|
|
How did Japan respond to the rapid industrialization:
|
catapulted them into global trade
|
|
How did Japan exercise its new industrial growth:
|
turn into an imperializer in its own right pushing its influence on Korea in 1873
|
|
How did Europeans recognize Africa in the 18th century:
|
outside the bounds of civilization
|
|
What reinforced Europes attitudes about Africa’s backwardness:
|
slave labor
|
|
Who was the first European country to approach Africa:
|
Portuguese
|
|
Identify the Portuguese territories:
|
Angola(west Africa), Senegambia (Senegal),
|
|
Who was settling the Cape of God Hope:
|
Dutch then British
|
|
What phenomenon caused Africa to come into focus as a market place:
|
capitalist economy in Europe based on free enterprise
|
|
What were some of the items Europeans sought after in Africa:
|
peanut and palm oil West Africa
|
|
What was the peanut and palm oil used for:
|
lubricating machines in factories in Europe
|
|
What entity reflected a sudden surge in European interests in the late 18th century:
|
African Association
|
|
Who was the first best known agent of the African association:
|
Mungo Park
|
|
Where did Mungo Park conduct his first expedition:
|
Niger River
|
|
When did Mungo park get his Niger river expedition going:
|
1795
|
|
What happen to Mango Parks expedition in 1805:
|
contacted the Fulani and Bambara States\
|
|
What was a main barrier to European colonialism in Africa:
|
malaria, dysentery, yellow fever
|
|
What was the problem of malaria disease called:
|
“The White man’s Grave”
|
|
What was discovered that help prevent malaria:
|
quinine
|
|
When as quinine discovered:
|
1820
|
|
What is quinine derived from:
|
the bark fo the cinchona tree in south America
|
|
How did this affect deaths of Europeans:
|
it helped but not until mid-19th century and soldiers died more of malaria than from warfare
|
|
What geographic issues impeded European incursions:
|
complex river system, deserts, jungles
|
|
What invention helped Europenas get inland in Africa;
|
steam power ships
|
|
Who invented steam power engione:
|
James Watts
|
|
All areas of Africa were accessible by rives and steam boats except:
|
Horn of Africa
|
|
How did Europeans negotiate rapids on rivers:
|
dismantled the boat, carried over then continued
|
|
What area of Africa was colonized last:
|
Horn of Africa
|
|
What were mutually reinforcing goals:
|
conversion to Christianity and commerce
|
|
How did missionaries benefit European traders:
|
they used missionaries for their expertise and local contacts
|
|
How did explorers garner support for their exploits:
|
conducted lections and wrote books
|
|
Who was one of the best known explorers:
|
David Livingstone
|
|
Was he a missionary or explorer:
|
both
|
|
What book did he write:
|
“Missionary Travels”
|
|
When was Missionary travels written:
|
1857
|
|
How was Henry Morton Stanley Different:
|
he was an adventurer and entrepreneur
|
|
How did Stanley get started in this adventure stuff:
|
hired by the New York Herald to find Livingstone
|
|
Where was Livingstone thought to be missing:
|
central Congo
|
|
What book did Stanley write:
|
“How I found Livingstone”
|
|
When was “How I found Livingstone published:
|
1872
|
|
What problem did some of the explores initiate back home in Europe:
|
misinformation and negative portrait of African cultures
|
|
How did Stanley’s writings associate e Africa with darkness:
|
savagery, irrationality, and immorality
|
|
Who’s attention did Stanley grap :
|
Edgar Rice Burroughs
|
|
What did Burroughs write:
|
Tarzan of the Apes
|
|
When was ‘Tarzan’ published:
|
1912
|
|
Where was Burroughs from:
|
America
|
|
Who else wrote a book based on these themes:
|
Joseph Conrad
|
|
When was ‘Heart’ published:
|
1902
|
|
ID the French coastal city that they moved inland from:
|
Saint Louis
|
|
Here was the port city of Saint Louis:
|
Senegal
|
|
Where else was the French aggressively expanding:
|
Algiers
|
|
When did the French attack on Algeria begin:
|
1830
|
|
When were the French struggling to consolidate their power in Algeria:
|
1840—50’s
|
|
Who were they fighting:
|
Algerian guerrillas
|
|
Who was the leader of the Algerian guerrillas:
|
Abdelkader
|
|
When did France declare Algeria a colony:
|
1869
|
|
What was the name for Dutch Boer settlers living in Southern Africa:
|
Afrikaners
|
|
What event did the Afrikaners embark on and when:
|
Great Trek North 1835-45
|
|
How many Afrikaners trekked north:
|
15K
|
|
Why did the Afrikaners trek north:
|
flee the British and seek land
|
|
Who were the Afrikaners in conflict with:
|
Bantu – Zulu’s
|
|
What did the Afrikaners flourish as:
|
cattle ranchers
|
|
What were 3 independent Afrikaner republics :
|
Orange Free State, Transvaal, Natal
|
|
When were the Afrikaner republics established:
|
late 1830’s
|
|
How did the British respond to Afrikaner expansion:
|
cut off coastal acces and annexed Natal
|
|
When did the British annex natal:
|
1843
|
|
What areas did the British officially recognize as Afrikaaner sovereignty:
|
Orange Free State and Transvaal in 1854
|
|
What was the massive widespread effect of Euro incursions in Africa:
|
Political and economic destabilization
|
|
ID 2 African domains that attempted to resist:
|
Zulus in the south and Islamic Jihad states of West Africa
|
|
Who built a strong African power in south Africa:
|
Shaka Zulu in 1820’s
|
|
What African tribe did Shaka Zulu drive out of the Natal region:
|
Ndebele
|
|
When did Zulus and Afrikaners battle over land:
|
1837-38
|
|
When did the British battle the Zulus:
|
Zulu war of 1878-1879
|
|
What is the name of the great Zulu victory:;
|
Battle of Isandhlwana
|
|
What emerged from the Fulani people to rests the Euros:
|
Islamic fundamentalism
|
|
Who did the Fulani overthrow to establish their power:
|
Hausa chieftain
|
|
What political entity did the Fulani establish:
|
Sokoto caliphate 1809
|
|
What did the Sokoto Caliphate launch:
|
jihad
|
|
What did they mean by jihad:
|
holy war
|
|
Who did Fulani jihadists mainly fight:
|
French in Senegal
|
|
Why was Egypt a ripe target for Euros:
|
location along the Red Sea en route to India
|
|
What provided the impetus for Euro invasion:
|
weakening Ottoman empire
|
|
What French military general seized Egypt:
|
Napoleon 1798
|
|
Who destroyed Napoleon fleet-where:
|
British supporting Ottomans at the battle of the Nile
|
|
How was Egypt handled after napoleon was outset:
|
given back to Ottomans but a breakaway Albanian Ottoman Muhammad Ali seize control
|
|
How was Muhammad consolidation efforts thwarted:
|
continued pressure frok m the Sultan and Euro financial interests I Egypt
|
|
What were the Euros interested in doing:
|
building railways from Alexandria to Cairo and a Suez canal connecting Red Sea to Mediterranean Sea
|
|
Who directed the construction of the Suez Canal:
|
Frenchman Ferdinand Lessep
|