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392 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
How did European commercial involvements in Africa and Asia respond:
intensified
Why did European commercial interests intensify in Africa and Asia:
Industrialism in Britain
In what entities in Britain did this effect:
economic, military, and technological might
Why was Britain so different than other western nations in the same situation:
Britain was more aggressive in developing and safeguarding overseas commercial contacts during this period
Who were the chief players of joint stock companies in Asia trade:
British, French, Dutch East India Companies
What 2 elements formed the economic base of New World
Plantations sustained by slave labor
What was the hub of economic base in the New World
West Indies
What was a great port location for pirates of the Caribbean
Kingston, Jamaica man
New World colonies served the mercantilist goals of...
European Monarchs
How did monarchs facilitate development of new world economic pursuits
Granted advantageous trade monopolies with its colonies
How did Monrachs justify creating trade monopolies that pursued activity in the New World
Religious mission of saving the immortal souls of "heathens"
What type of imperialism supplanted the older mercantile-religious colonial regime
New Liberal Empire
How did New Liberal Imperial interests shift
abandoned New World pursuits for Asia and Africa
What followed in the wake European economic pursuits into Asia and Africa
European Government
What 4 groups staked claims during the Liberal Imperialism era
entrepenuers, merchants, missionaries, and explorers
What was a territory called that Europeans had to protect its interests and activities
Sphere of Influence
Shifting from mercantilism, in what economic context did most Europeans iperate in
market economy
What did the Western World see the non-Western world as far as economic context: 2 parts to this
Untapped Markets for Euro manufactured goods and source for raw materials
What two entities was the era of Liberal Imperialsm culture steeped in
Enlightenment & Liberal Universalism
Who did the Europeans feel Liberal Imperislam benefited
Europeans themselves but also an opportunity to bring the fruits of European civilization to non-Western world
in Early 19th century there was a shift from mercantile Imperialism to Liberal Imperialism, what did this shift to in the LATE 19th century
"New Imperialism"
What elemetns characterize New Imperialism
agressive expansion and competition between Euro nation states
How long did it take for Europe to conquer virtualy all of Africa and vast regions of Asia
A couple of decades
What 2 elements changed European attitudes toward colonial subjects in the later 19th century
Anti-colonial insurgence and Darwinian Philosophy
What is a 2 word term for darwins Ideals
"Biological Determinism"
Hw was the turn of the centruy (19th-20th) a moment of intense contradictions
New Imperialsim undermined the principles of Liberal Imperialism
What two operational elemnts di Europeans have to rethink during New Imperislism
desireability and feasability of Europeanizing non-European peoples
What did Europeans lose in the 19th century
American Colonies - they liberated themselves
How agressive was imperialism in the first 2/3 d's of the 19th century
not - slow
As settlments expanded - even if it was slow at first, what eventually got sucked into the issue
European governments and new foreign policies
The expansionism of this period had its economic foundations in
Capitalism
What imiage did Europeans want to create in the culture of over seas colonies
European image
What was the primary external threat to Europen Empire durng the late 18th centruy: 2 items
Independence Movements &Slave Revolts
What 2 internal issues created a threat to lEuropean Empire during late 18th century
gradual rise of market economy & cultural revolution
What sparked the cultural revolution of the late 18th century
Enlightenment
What undermined the foundations of the Old Empire
Enlightenment
What was the starting moment of independence movements
American Revolution
What territory did France lsoe in America
Haiti
What years (time frame) did France, Portugal, and Spain lose thier American territories
1804-1824
What territory did Portugal lose
Brazil
What territory did Spain lose yet also retain
most of Latin America except Peurto Rico and Cuba
What event does cause Spain to finaly lose the ir last 2 teritories in America
Spanish American War
What type of people led the recolt in latin American teritories
Creole elites
What is a Creole Elite
American people of European descent
What 2 events were examples for Latin Amer independence movements
American and French Revolutions
What constituted the central part of the asault on the mercantile colonial world
Slave agitation
name for runaway slaves
Maroons
Where did runaway slaves of latin America live
outlaw societies behind the lines of colonial settlement
What type of attacks did outlaw runaway slaves conduct
guerrilla warefare attacks
What was the phenomenon of slave attacks on plantations caled
Maroon Wars
Beside outlaw runaway slave attacks what other form of threat hit plantations
internal slave revolts
From what 2 territories identified did slave revolts happen
Dutch Surinam to British Jamaica
Besides Britain, what other two countries had abolitionist movements
France and the Netherlands
What was the catalyst for antislavery movements
Religion
Including Quakers, where did the abolitionist movemnt in ainstrema religion spread
Evangelicals
Who was the individual that led the abolitionist movement
William Wilberforce
Who joined forces with religeous abolitionists
Secular abolitionists
What ideology also made slavery seem inhumane
Humanism climate of Enligghtenment
Who is the 17th century thinker that condones slavery and supported reason as the proper approach
John Locke
Who were the two French thinkers that supported humanist aproaches to slavery
Montesqiue & Diterot
What was Wilberforce a member of
Parliament
Define Enlightenment Universalism
belief in the basic sameness of all humans
What were post French Revolutionary thinkers comparing with oppressed Africans
disenfranchised poor Europeans
Identifiy the 3 values/principles in the universalist framework
1. Natural and inalienable right to freedom
2. ownership of ones self & labor
3. Equality before the law
The Enlightenment brought optimism and emphasis on
the inner goodness and malleability of humans
Identify the 3 elements of how Enlightenment thinkers rejected slavery
1. unreasonable
2. Unnatural
3. Immoral system
What 'culturuarl feeling' did the Enlightenment and Religeous arguement against slavery influence in the late 18th century
Romantically oriented popular culture
What did the romantic pop culture allow elite women to elicit
it made the antislavery position fashionable
Who was 'fashionably antislavery' most appealign to
Elite well to do women
What population played a pivotable role in bringing the antislavery movement around
elite well to do women
How did the new sentimental 'world view' cast slavers
as innocent victims
How did educated civilized Europeans feel slavery did to their own culture
impeded moral progress
Who were the 3 Romanic poets who attacked tyrany and human bondage
1. William Wordsworth
2. Percy Bysshe Shelley
3. Robert Burns
What 3 physical action did abolishionist take
signed petitions, circulated pamplets, exposed the cruelties
Why did merchants support the abolitionist movement
thier trade was hindered by protective tarriffs and slavery
Howdid protective tarriffs hinder merchants
it prevented cheaper foriegn goods from being traded competativley in the market place
Where was a major production area for British sugar
Jamaica
Why did British merchants reject the protected tarriffs the British Government placed on jamaican sugar
it forced them to accept the prices of Jamaican sugar instead of cheaper sugar from otger places
Where could British merchants have gotten cheaper sugar from: 2
French Haiti and Spanish Saint-Domingue
What 2 elements did capitalists base thier antislavery rhetoric on
theory and real world experience
Where did capitalists get thier theory for a basis for antislavery
mercantile critics such as Adam Smith and david Ricardo
What law did capitalsi theorists use as thier arguement against slavery
law of rational utility
What was the rationale of the natural law of utility
slavery prevented most people from pursueing thier economic self interest
What 2 basic elements did free market thinkers argue afforded economic liberty
it was natural and rational
Who and why did free market thinkers say benefited from shift away from mercantile system
most people becauseit generated lower prices all around
What 2 elements did Smith argue that the mercantile had a built in censure had
inefficiency and inflexibility
Why did Smith say that slavery had in a built in inefficiency
slaves lacked profit motive to produce
What did Smith argue about slavery being inflexible
slaves could not be laid off during an economic slump
For those unconvinced of abolition, what 2 events of the late 18th century offered evidence of mercatile retrograde
rapid deterioration of Haiti and Jamaica
Who was gaining in power in Europe around 1800 that supported abolition
Growing wealth and influence of merchant capitalsits
Who outlawed Atlantic slave trade first and when first
Denmark 1803
When did Britian and United States end Atlantic slave trade
1807
When did Spain, Portugal , France, and the Netherlands abolish Atlantic slave trade
1815, but actually did little to eliminate it
How did the British respond to maing the slave trade end
took agresive steps, searched ships, provided pasage to Liberia,
What unique population helped create the nation of Liberia
freed American slaves
When was Liberia founded
1821
When did the British abolish slavery
1834
How many slaves were emancipated when British abolished slavery
780,000
How much did the British Government pay slave owners in compensation
20 million pounds
Who was the next country after the British to abolish slavery
Denmark and France in 1848
When did the Dutch abolish slavery in the New World Colonies
1863
When did United States abolish aslavery
1865
When was slavery abolished in Spanish Cuba
1886
When was slavery abolished in Brazil
1888
When did free market capitalists feel the belief in individual pursuit of profit in a free, self regulating market was eficient, natutal, and moral was considered common sense
1830's
What years are considered the peak era of economic libralism
1830-1870
What was the driving mechanism that threatened to stop free trade
competition between European nation states for spheres of influence in dstannt lands
What new emerging population could threten European free trade
competion from indigenous trade/merchants
What two thinkers felt that the differences between two people/cultures was greater than the sameness of them
Montesquie and Voltaire
Who was the Swedish and French philosphers who attempted to clasify humans
carolus Linnaeus and georges-Louis Leclrc de Buffons
natural scientists belived that the process of development could be guided and acelerated through
reasoned social intervention
What is the term for how people are less convinved of thier own superiority and more critical of colonial enterprise
cultural relativism
What 2 cultures did Voltaire respect in the context of cultural relativism
Chinese and Islamic civilization
Who was the english historian whos admiration of Islam exemplified the trend of cultural relativism
Edward Gibbons
Who was the enlightened philosopher who exalted New World societies as models of virtue and freedom
Rousseau
How did European commercial involvements in Africa and Asia respond to Liberal Imperialsim:
intensified due to industrialism
In what 3 elements in Britain did this effect:
economic, military, and technological might
Why was Britain so different than other western nations in the same situation:
Britain was more aggressive in developing and safeguarding overseas commercial contacts during this period
Who were the chief players of joint stock companies in Asia trade:
British, French, Dutch East India Companies
What were they doing in the 19th century:
exploiting relationships they had developed over the last 200 years
What were the 3 main items they were trading for:
spices, silk, luxury goods
When did these companies start to center themselves in clusters of trade ports and factories along Asian coastlines:
early 18th century – 1700-1730
What countries did this mainly include:
China, Philippines, Java, India
Major ports included:
Bombay, Batavia, Canton
Who dominated this trade from the 1500-1680:
Portuguese
Who dominated from 1680-1730:
Dutch
Who dominated from 1730 on:
French & British
When did the British East India make itself unlike its counterparts in France and Netherlands:
1757 Battle of Plassey
Who did the BEIC defeat in this battle:
Nawab of Bengal
This battle (Plassey) was both symbolic and:
economic
How was the victory at Plassay an economic and symbolic win
final blow that crushed the Mughal Empire, fortified the BEIC as a political power in subcontinent, gave Britain access to enormous Indian wealth
The capture of Bengal thus gave the British:
a firm base of territorial expansion inIndia from 1760-1860
How much trade did Bengal provide the BEIC up to this point:
75%
What happen to Bengal after this:
brought economic disaster
What were the 3 items Brits were getting from there:
textiles, metal goods, spices
What currency did they pay in:
silver bullion from the New World
After Plassey how did the British pay:
land revenues
What happened to Bengali external trade:
British took it over
From here the British expanded out into India transforming the economy into a:
closed economy where taxation was extracted as the British took over the trade and severed foreign contacts Indian traders had previously established
This then altered to items of the Indian economy:
structure and orientation
Examples of this include:
Britain stopped importing calicoes and other textiles replacing it with raw materials
What were the main raw materials:
cotton and indigo
What did this support back in Britain:
mills and textile manufacturers
What therefore declined in India:
manufacturing
By 1840 how much had this reversed- how much textile goods were imported into India by India from Britain:
more than 50%
How did Indian agriculture change:
shifted from subsistence to commercialized
What would be the long term effects of commercialized ag:
famine and massive death
Who was the chief rival for the British in Central Asia:
Russia
What areas did the British annex to the west of India:
Punjab and the Sind
Why:
creat a buffer zone for British v Russia
When:
1840
What area did they attempt to annex next:
Afghanistan
How was this different:
met heavy resistance
When were the two Afghan Wars:
1839-1842 & 1878-1880
What had Afghanistan become to the British by 1880:
a client state
Who was harassing the British on their northern Indian frontier:
Burma Myanmar
When were the 3 Burmese Wars:
1826, 1852, 1886,
What was the result:
Britain annexed Burma
After the fall of the Mughals who were 2 other non-western empires the British took aim at:
Ottomans and Qing
What was the label given to the Ottomans by the Brits:
“The Sick Man of Europe”
What was the label for the Qing:
“The Sick man of the East”
How was the British approach to Ottomans and Qing different:
instead of territorial conquest it was more financial subjugation
Why was this approach more desirable:
avoided the high costs of ‘direct rule’
What aided to the reason for this approach:
Qing and Ottomans, although ailing, still held on to a reasonable amount of political power
What other purpose did this serve the British:
served as Buffer zones against the Russian expansion north of Ottomans and Japanese expansion in Asia
What was the Ottoman Empire ready for by the 19th century:
ripe for infiltration
What were the borders of Ottoman Empire:
Algeria in the west, Persia and Arabia in the East, Balkans in the north, Egypt and Sudan in the south
When was the Ottoman empire at its peak:
16th century
What effect did the shared Islamic faith provide the Ottoman Empire:
Political & cultural cohesion
Who was the leader of the Ottomans in early 19th century:
Sultan Mahmud II
How was it evident that he was weak:
challenged by the ambitions of provincial governers
What program did Mahmud II attempt:
Tanzimat reforms
What does Tanzimat reforms mean:
technological, administrative and legal westernization
Who resisted his efforts the most:
military (janissaries) and clerics
Why:
they feared pollution of Islamic culture
Why did Europe especially Britain support the reforms:
diplomatic and political reasons
What was the near term result” Ottoman Dependency when British were asked to intervene in regional conflicts
??
Where and when was this initial action:
Syria in 1838
What was the threat in Syria:
A breakaway Ottoman Empire seized Syria in 1831
What response was experience from Europe:
British and French demand full Tanzimat implementation
How did France & Britain exploit this:
by trade privileges and extraterritorial rights
What became of the Ottoman Empire by 1840’s:
a de facto economy colony of the British
How was this exploited:
Ottomans forced to export raw materials to Britain and to import British manufactured goods in large quantities
What raw items were exported:
cotton, cereals, opium
What items were imported:
textiles and machinery
What effect did this have at the local level of Ottoman society:
near fatal blow to handicraft industries especially textiles
When did economic dependence turn into subjugation and what event:
Crimean War 1852-1854
How did the Crimean war cause the Ottomans to capitulate to the French/Brits:
they borrowed money on unfavorable terms to subsidize military mobilization
What institution was created to handle the bankrupt state:
Ottoman Public Debt commission
When was the ottoman Public Debt formed:
1881
This included control over what entities:
taxation, tariffs, and provincial tribute system
How did European financial involvement have social and cultural repercussions:
a once culturally cohesive Ottoman Empire fragmented across ethnic and religious lines as the British and French sough tto align themselves with Non-muslim Ottoman minorities
How were Jesish and Christian intermediaries facilitating the transactions rewarded:
allowed to buy European passports
How did this give these minorities an advantage:
qualified them for the same judicial immunity granted to Europeans
Besides economic motives, what else did the Europeans feel compelled to do:
act as civilizers of a degenerate “Oriental” empire
What problem also arose as privileged groups profited in the Ottoman empire:
extensive suffering to peasants and artisans
Was the narrative similar or different in China:
similar
Who was ruling in China:
Manchu Qing
When did they experience prosperity:
mid 17th century to tun of the 19th century (1650-1800)
During that time did they seek to expand or consolidate locally:
expand
What was Chinese experience and approach to interacting with European:
resolutely isolated and unaware and indifferent
What major intellectual era did China not know about Europe:
Enlightenment
What regions did the enlightenment influence the elites of:
Europe, North America, South America
What element did the Chinese also express no interest of:
European manufactures
In contrast Europeans were interested in Chinese:
tea, silk, porcelain, and paper
When and what reversed this imbalance:
late eighteenth century opium
Who smoked this:
it was entrenched at all levels of Chinese society
What response did the Chinese have politically to this trade:
official ban on opium imports
How well did the ban work:
Chinese demand for opium skyrocketed
How did Europeans help this process:
British East India Company supplied it from cheap Indian produced opium
What as especially paid for from the opium sales:
tea
What affects did this have on Chinese economy:
huge silver shortages and and opium addiction debilitated large segments of the society
How did the emperor try to address this in 1840:
blockaded the port of Canton, seized opium supplies
How did the British respond:
sent an armed navy starting the Opium War
When was the opium war and who won:
1840-42-British
What treaty was signed to end the war: Treaty of Nanjing
Treaty of Nanjing
What elements were agreed upon in the treaty:
British get Hong Kong, trading rights in 5 other ports, forced China to pay an indemnity for the war
When was the 2nd opium war:
1856-58
What did China cede after the 2nd opium war: protection to British, French, United States, and Russia
extraterritorial rights, trading privileges, missionary
How did the Qing Emperor respond:
refused to ratify the treaty
How did the Euro’s respond to this:
occupied Peking in 1860, burned the Emperors imperial garden at the Summer Palace and Russia got Vladivostok
Where is Vladivostok:
??
What were the 2 main problems this brought China:
economic hardships and political humiliation
What major problem did Qing experience next:
Taiping rebellion
When:
1850-1864
What affect did this have:
further destabilized the political and social situation
What were the goals of this millenarian peasant movement:
overthrow the Euro dominated Wing, establish a harmonious, egalitarian society
What was the death toll:
20 mill
Why did Euros intervene:
safeguard their trading privileges
How was the rebellion ended:
Western trained “Ever-Victorious Army” quashed the rebels
When:
1864
Who led this:
General Charles “Chinese” Gordon
How long to what year did sporadic uprising continue:
1868
The Qing were rescued – how did this effect the British:
significantly increased their influence
Even though the British exploited the situation in China – they never actually:
colonized it
That with the exception of:
Hong Kong
At what level did Europeans diffuse into Chinese society:
not much – they stayed clusted in port areas
China economic subjugation was part of a larger plan the British had for its relationship with China:
make the empire self financing
By using cheap Indian produced opium, the British in a way got:
India to finance the overthrow of China
What happen to the Chinese silver connection: of there reserves trying to prevent their downfall
not only did they lose the bullion trade they spend much
Where did the British establish settler colonies:
Australia and New Zealand
How did the British get involved with the Dutch settlements:
French revolutionary forces occupied the Netherlands so they ask Britain to watch over them starting in 1795
When did the Dutch regain control ove the East Indies from the Brits:
1808
What settlements came from this activity: ”
Brits gained the ‘Straits Settlements
What ports consisted of the ‘Straights Settlement”
Penang, Malacca, Singapore
133. When did British trade come to and abrupt halt in China:
1833
What event:
Charter Act of 1833
Where did Brits turn their attention to and for what:
SE Asia – tin mines and rubber production
SE Asia fell into the classical colonial economic arrangement which was”
produce raw materials for production in Europe
Britis no longer used SE as as a:
trade depot
What kingdoms and chiefdoms gradually started to fall into the British sphere of influence such as:
Siam
140. Why was Siam unique compared to other chiefdoms:
it was touted as an exception to the rule but it fell as well
Today’s name for Siam:
Thailand
When did this process of Siam losing political independence to Britain begin:
1820’s and 1830’s
What Policy change did d the Monarch of Siam make:
abandoned centuries old isolationist policy and open up trade with Europe
Specifics of Siam opening up relations were:
negotiated trade treaties and relinquishing some territory in the interests of maintaining political independence
Where did Euro attempts to exert their influence fail for the first time:
Japan
What type of rule was the Siamese Monarch fend off:
direct rule
How did the Monarch fend off direct rule:
launching an ambitious program of Westernization
What type of Westernization programs did the monarch of Siam enact:
Euro-style education and appointment of foreign advisor to the government
Siam’s foreign policy decisions were done so within the context of:
competing Europena interests in the region
Implicit colonization means: of Europeans but the Euros still control much of the operations
countries attempted to modernize and westernize to prevent direct rule
What areas of the Pacific were tunred into settler colonies:
Australia and New Zealand
What did the conquest of New Zealand and Australia deviate from:
liberal paternalism and economic imperialism
What did the settlement of Australia mirror:
that of America in the 17th and 18th century
In What way:
strident frontier mentaliy, thirst for land, and unapologetic decimation of indigenous populations
What type of colony was initially established in Australia:
penal colony
What was the penal colony a substitution for:
capital punishment
What year did the beginning of penal colony in the Pacific begin:
1788
What restriction did Britain have on emigration to Australia:
free labor was not allowed to emigrate in order to prevent manpower loss in Britain
How did British citizens react to the emigration restriction:
land hungry settlers came anyway
When did British settlement of Australia increase:
1840’s
How was emigration rewarded:
cash incentives
Why were cash incentives used:
to entice a more affluent Britain to emigrate
What caused the emigration to soar:
Australian Gold Rush
When was the Australian Gold rush:
1851
When did British settlers start to arrive in New Zealand:
1839
What entity enticed settlers to New Zealand:
New Zealand Trading Company
Emigration to New Zeeland was officially:
discouraged by the British gov
How many immigrants went to New Zeeland Australia area in 1850’s:
over a million
What were British descendent settlers called:
“the White Dominions”
1What were White Dominions naturally awarded: y
governemtn positions ina colonial hierarch
What did British settlers eventually start to identify themselves as:
self identify as natives and pressed for self government
In what structure did they reward self government:
incremental steps
When was Australia and New Zealand granted limited autonomy:
1850’s
What did the British confer:
Dominion Status
What was Dominion status:
a classification that offered domestic autonomy but British remained in control of foreign policy and trade
When did Dominion countries reciev that title:
Canada 1867, Astr-NewZ 1907, South Africa 1910
What happened to indigenous people:
died of disease and forced off their land, local trade killed off
What made this activity a violent affair:
British military aided the settlers
What treaty was signed in New Zealand and When:
treaty of Waitangi 1840
What did Waitiangi treaty promise:
Maori land protection
What was the reaction of this promise:
settlers reneged on it
What did this activity by settlers create:
Maoris fought back, drawing the British into Armed conflict
What was the result of armed conflict between the British and Maori:
British savagely crushed the Maori
What appeared to be evolving in Japan in the early to mid 19th century:
appeared they would follow in the footsteps of the Qing due to Russian intervention
What did the Americans and Europeans attempt to do:
end Japans isolationism and foster trading contracts
Who induced the Japanese into the first trading agreement:
Commodore Mathew Perry
When
1854
What was the reaction by Europeans:
they also started to push for agreements
What was the government of Japan called at this time:
Tokogawa
What was the revolution in Japan called:
Meiji Restoration
When was the meii restoration:
1868
How did this change Japan:
from feudalism to rapid fire industrialism
What 2 areas did they westernize in:
government and education
How did Japan respond to the rapid industrialization:
catapulted them into global trade
How did Japan exercise its new industrial growth:
turn into an imperializer in its own right pushing its influence on Korea in 1873
How did Europeans recognize Africa in the 18th century:
outside the bounds of civilization
What reinforced Europes attitudes about Africa’s backwardness:
slave labor
Who was the first European country to approach Africa:
Portuguese
Identify the Portuguese territories:
Angola(west Africa), Senegambia (Senegal),
Who was settling the Cape of God Hope:
Dutch then British
What phenomenon caused Africa to come into focus as a market place:
capitalist economy in Europe based on free enterprise
What were some of the items Europeans sought after in Africa:
peanut and palm oil West Africa
What was the peanut and palm oil used for:
lubricating machines in factories in Europe
What entity reflected a sudden surge in European interests in the late 18th century:
African Association
Who was the first best known agent of the African association:
Mungo Park
Where did Mungo Park conduct his first expedition:
Niger River
When did Mungo park get his Niger river expedition going:
1795
What happen to Mango Parks expedition in 1805:
contacted the Fulani and Bambara States\
What was a main barrier to European colonialism in Africa:
malaria, dysentery, yellow fever
What was the problem of malaria disease called:
“The White man’s Grave”
What was discovered that help prevent malaria:
quinine
When as quinine discovered:
1820
What is quinine derived from:
the bark fo the cinchona tree in south America
How did this affect deaths of Europeans:
it helped but not until mid-19th century and soldiers died more of malaria than from warfare
What geographic issues impeded European incursions:
complex river system, deserts, jungles
What invention helped Europenas get inland in Africa;
steam power ships
Who invented steam power engione:
James Watts
All areas of Africa were accessible by rives and steam boats except:
Horn of Africa
How did Europeans negotiate rapids on rivers:
dismantled the boat, carried over then continued
What area of Africa was colonized last:
Horn of Africa
What were mutually reinforcing goals:
conversion to Christianity and commerce
How did missionaries benefit European traders:
they used missionaries for their expertise and local contacts
How did explorers garner support for their exploits:
conducted lections and wrote books
Who was one of the best known explorers:
David Livingstone
Was he a missionary or explorer:
both
What book did he write:
“Missionary Travels”
When was Missionary travels written:
1857
How was Henry Morton Stanley Different:
he was an adventurer and entrepreneur
How did Stanley get started in this adventure stuff:
hired by the New York Herald to find Livingstone
Where was Livingstone thought to be missing:
central Congo
What book did Stanley write:
“How I found Livingstone”
When was “How I found Livingstone published:
1872
What problem did some of the explores initiate back home in Europe:
misinformation and negative portrait of African cultures
How did Stanley’s writings associate e Africa with darkness:
savagery, irrationality, and immorality
Who’s attention did Stanley grap :
Edgar Rice Burroughs
What did Burroughs write:
Tarzan of the Apes
When was ‘Tarzan’ published:
1912
Where was Burroughs from:
America
Who else wrote a book based on these themes:
Joseph Conrad
When was ‘Heart’ published:
1902
ID the French coastal city that they moved inland from:
Saint Louis
Here was the port city of Saint Louis:
Senegal
Where else was the French aggressively expanding:
Algiers
When did the French attack on Algeria begin:
1830
When were the French struggling to consolidate their power in Algeria:
1840—50’s
Who were they fighting:
Algerian guerrillas
Who was the leader of the Algerian guerrillas:
Abdelkader
When did France declare Algeria a colony:
1869
What was the name for Dutch Boer settlers living in Southern Africa:
Afrikaners
What event did the Afrikaners embark on and when:
Great Trek North 1835-45
How many Afrikaners trekked north:
15K
Why did the Afrikaners trek north:
flee the British and seek land
Who were the Afrikaners in conflict with:
Bantu – Zulu’s
What did the Afrikaners flourish as:
cattle ranchers
What were 3 independent Afrikaner republics :
Orange Free State, Transvaal, Natal
When were the Afrikaner republics established:
late 1830’s
How did the British respond to Afrikaner expansion:
cut off coastal acces and annexed Natal
When did the British annex natal:
1843
What areas did the British officially recognize as Afrikaaner sovereignty:
Orange Free State and Transvaal in 1854
What was the massive widespread effect of Euro incursions in Africa:
Political and economic destabilization
ID 2 African domains that attempted to resist:
Zulus in the south and Islamic Jihad states of West Africa
Who built a strong African power in south Africa:
Shaka Zulu in 1820’s
What African tribe did Shaka Zulu drive out of the Natal region:
Ndebele
When did Zulus and Afrikaners battle over land:
1837-38
When did the British battle the Zulus:
Zulu war of 1878-1879
What is the name of the great Zulu victory:;
Battle of Isandhlwana
What emerged from the Fulani people to rests the Euros:
Islamic fundamentalism
Who did the Fulani overthrow to establish their power:
Hausa chieftain
What political entity did the Fulani establish:
Sokoto caliphate 1809
What did the Sokoto Caliphate launch:
jihad
What did they mean by jihad:
holy war
Who did Fulani jihadists mainly fight:
French in Senegal
Why was Egypt a ripe target for Euros:
location along the Red Sea en route to India
What provided the impetus for Euro invasion:
weakening Ottoman empire
What French military general seized Egypt:
Napoleon 1798
Who destroyed Napoleon fleet-where:
British supporting Ottomans at the battle of the Nile
How was Egypt handled after napoleon was outset:
given back to Ottomans but a breakaway Albanian Ottoman Muhammad Ali seize control
How was Muhammad consolidation efforts thwarted:
continued pressure frok m the Sultan and Euro financial interests I Egypt
What were the Euros interested in doing:
building railways from Alexandria to Cairo and a Suez canal connecting Red Sea to Mediterranean Sea
Who directed the construction of the Suez Canal:
Frenchman Ferdinand Lessep