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216 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Art section two explores the complex relationship between:
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Europeans and Africans
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Why are the selected works of Art Section II especially interesting within the context of the larger investigation of the Age of Empire
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because they draw upon multiple visual sources tha are both European and African in origin
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The art work of section II includes what two types/forms
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textiles and sculpture
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What provided the impetus for change in both Africa and Europe starting in the 15th Century
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Portuguese exploration along African coast
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Centuries before 1500 how did Europeans expect to expand Christianity and what is that era/event called
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military means during the crusades
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What were the Crusades a response to
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expansion of Islam into the Mediterranean
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Portuguese explorers were especially excited to discover the legendary settlement of
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Prester John
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What is Prester Johns settlement
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a legendary christian kingdom that may be somewhere in unexplored areas in Africa
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What country did Europeans think Prester Johns Kingdom may be in
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Ethiopia
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What specific commodity were the Portuguese interested in finding from exploring the African coastline
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source of trans-Sahran Gold trade
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How did the Portuguese know there was a Saharan dessert Gold Trade network
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from Muslim traders
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Who was the Portuguese Prince that was an ardent supporter of new exploration
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Prince Henry The Navigator
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What was the initial challenge Portugues sailors were attempting to find a route around
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Cape Bojador
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When did explorers start exploring south of Cape Bojador
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1434
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When did explorers start to arrive in the Gulf of Guinea
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1455-56
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From the Gulf of Guinea, where was the next new place the Portuguese went to and when
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Kingdom of Benin in 1484
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By the mid-fifteenth century what had Europeans develop a passion for from Africa
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Ivory and Bronzes
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How did Ivory and Bronzes compare with similiar items Europeans were able to create
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revivaled European creations in sophistication
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What eventualually displaced Ivory and Gold as a profitable item from Africa
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slave trade
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where and when did the Portuguese conduct the first slave raiding expedition
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present day Mauritania in early 1440's
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What was the term given for the productive area where slaves were taken from
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"Slave Coast"
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What caused the dramatic increase in slave trade, for what area and when
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17th century for large scale sugar plantations in Caribbean and Brazil
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When did the demand for slave increase in North America
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late 17th and early 18th centuries
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What deteriorated as the slave trade grew
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Portuguese power
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What two countiures grew in power and wealth exponentially as a result of the slave trade
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England & Holland
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the Portugues conducted the first slave raiding expedition on this preset day country
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Mauritania
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How was slavery as an established social practice in African society different than European slave ownership
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African slavery afforded certain rights and chances for freedom wheras Europeans did not afford that opportunity to African slaves
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What is a term for the type of slavery Europeans practiced with Africans
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Chattel Slavery
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What 3 major kingdoms provided slaves to the Europeans
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Asanti, Benin, and Kongo
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What items did African kingdoms get in exchange for thier slaves
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silk, porcelain, beads, bronze, and firearms
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What was a basic underlying value that abolitionists held strong
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that all humans deserved dignity
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What did some economists begin to realize in support of abolitionists
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that slavery was not necessarilly profitable
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Why was it argued that slavery may not be profitable
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slaves did not enjoy a profit incentive in order to motive them to work hard
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What country put the most pressure on ending the slave trade
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Great Britisan
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When did the British end slave trading
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1807
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What is the name of the law that ended British slave trading
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British Slave Trade Act
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When was slavery abolished in the British emoire
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1833
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Identify one way in which th slave trade devesated tribes in Africa
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1. diminished population of young men
2. productive output was reduced 3. demand for import goods was increased |
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What area of Africa was hit the hardes from slave trading
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West Africa
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Identify the sculpture piece that was an examplke of religeous art work that was stamped out by European Christians
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nkisi
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What is the term for how European countries were in competition over territories in areas like Kong, Surinam, Nigeria, Angola, and Mozambique
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Scramble for Africa
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What decade did the intense competition for African territory begin
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1880's
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What two areas/geography was European most influencial in Africa
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Coastline and major rivers
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Systematic control of interior African territory did not happen until
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1880's
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What is the name of the event where European countris got together to draw up boundaries in Africa
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Berlin Conference
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What was the end result of the Scamble for Africa
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direct rule by European powers over African territories
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What are the two countraies that maintained indepence in Africa
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Liberia and Ethiopia
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When was Liberia founded
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1822
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How were Liberia and Ethiopia different
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Liberia was established for slaves from America to return as free men whereas Ethiopia had always had a strong central governemtent
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Who / What organization established Liberia
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American Colonization Society
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Who were the leading European countries involved in African slave trade
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France, England, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Portugal
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What shift in trade was experienced once the slave trade ended
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Europeans sought out natural resources to exploit
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Identify top 3 resources Europeans sought after in Africa
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Rubber, coffee, palm oil
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Where was forced asimilation into the colonizers language and culture forced upon the natives in Africa
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French West Africa
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How did Europeans get Africans to abandone thier cultural heritage
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exhiled leaders then destroyed art work, outlawed traditional ceremonies
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What two African territores were especially subject to forced assimilation
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Asante (modern Ghana) and Benin (modern Nigeria)
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What effect did the dismanteling of power strucrures have on existing prestigeous African art
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ceased to be produced or was culturally altered
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What kingdom was an example of where art and ornamentation/regalia actually increased as the native powers were pushed out by Europeans
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Yoruba
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What force/organization made a significant impact by stamping out native artwork
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Christian Missionaries
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Where was the nkisi (minkisi) sculptures from
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Kongo
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What European country colonized the Kongo
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Belgium
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What European country colonized West Africa Senegal
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France
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What European country colonized Nigeria
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England
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What European country colonized Angola
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Portugal
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What European country colonized Tanzania
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Germany
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When did Imperial control begin to decay
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1950's
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What 3 items did Europeans bring to colonized areas that modernized them
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roads, railways, improved communication
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What was the cost Africa paid fo rmodernization
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loss of natural resources, dependency on European imports and markets, loss of language and culture
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What region of Africa was first to begin decolonization
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North Africa
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What was the first Sub-Saharan country to gain independence
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Ghana
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What year did Ghana overthrow British imperialism
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1957
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What were the 3 prominant countries that gained independence after Ghana and in what year
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Nigeria 1960, Cote d'lIvoire 1960, Sierra leon 1960
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There were many complicated factors that led to independence in Africa but what was a leading major factor
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African leaders that were educated in abroad
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Who was the leader in Ghana that led the independence movement
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Kwame Nkrumah
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Who was the leader in Senegal that led independece movement
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Leopold Senghor
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What was the major event that caused such extreme discontent
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African had served Europen countries in WWII but were still denied citizenship
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Why was decolonization in Algeria so much more difficult than othe rcountries
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it had been heavily settled by French citizens
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Why did decolonization go so smoothly in Ghana
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fewer settlers from Britain
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How did th mainstream Western art world tend to view African art
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primitive, tribal, and naive of outside influences
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Whats is one effect that contemporary African artist experience in regard to thier work
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it is valued at much lower than Western Art
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What were two paths post colonial African artists took in regards to thier style
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either embraced Western modalities or embraced thier heritage head on
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What does the "Sapi-Portuguese" saltcellar represent
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engagement between indigenous Africans and European explorers
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How was "Sapi-Portuguese" obtained and when
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purchased by a Portugese visiter 15th or 16th century
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Who was the indended audience for the art works such as "Sapi-Portuguese"
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non indigenous people but for foreign visitors
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What did Portuguese explorers most often purchased in Africa
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ivory carvings
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Who are the Sapi the ancestors of in contemporary cultural groups
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Temne, Kissi, and Bolum in Sierra Leon
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What territory are the Sapi from - the countries today
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Guinne and Sierra Leon
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Who were the Sapi ruled by
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local chiefs that were then rule by a paramount chief
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How Sapi political organization compare to the Benin
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Benin had much higher centralized control
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When did conflict arrise with Sapi and the Mande speaking groups
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1550
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Ater the conflict with Sapi and Mande speakers where did the Portugues turn to get ivory carvings
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Benin
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What is the base of the saltceller covered with
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abstract decorative carvings in low relief
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What figures are clearly visible
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figures of a man and woman are represented in stiff frontal poses
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What is the man figue in salcellar wearing
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no shirt, cap, shoes, leggings
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What does the make figure in salcellar holding at waist level
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shield decorated with floral design
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What is the female figure wearing in saltcellar
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shirtless, sap, and long skirt and neck adorned with necklaces
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What figures beside humans are seen on saltcellar
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dogs
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Who was the German that purchase saltcellrs and in what yeear
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Albrect Durer 1520-21
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What was the term that Europeans identified the carved skulptures from Africa
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Afro-Portugues Ivories
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Who was the man that coined the term for ivory sculptures from Africa and what year
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William Fagg 1959
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In what way did Portugues find Benin artists
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highly skilled and organized in workshops
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What is the term for leaders in Benin and what does it mean
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Ogiso - Rulers of the Sky
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Who was the leader that strengthened the benin empire in the 14th century
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Oranmiyan
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Where did Oranmiyan come from
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Yoruba Kingdom
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What language to people inbenin Kingdom speak
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Edo
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Who is Oba
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the paramount chief of Benin that is believed to be a divine descendent of Oranmiyan
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What were European visitors impressed with when reaching Benin
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Oba's palace compound
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Who ruled Benin in late 15th century
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Oba Ewuare
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What were the most prized pieces of artwork in bein made out of
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cast metal, ivory, and coral
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What year did the British caused a major disruption in the Benin kingdom
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1897
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What is the attack on Benin City known as
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Benin Punitive Expedition
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Who was the admiral that led the attack on Benin City
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rear Admiral harry Rawson
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What did British troops do to the Benin palaces during the Punitive Expedition
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looted them
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many ivories and metal sculptures and reliefs were looted during the Punitive expedition, where are those itmes now
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British Museum in London and Ethnological Museum in Berlin
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How has the artist depicted each figure in the metal relief
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by political importance
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What figures were mainly featured in benin metal relief
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political leaders and warriors
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What is the name of the benin god of the waters
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Olokun
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The National Museum of African Art describes the material used in the metal relief as
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copper aloy
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What is the type of technique used to make the bronze-brass metal reliefs
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lost wax casting
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Who is the professor of anthropology that said the benin reliefs ceased to function as palace decoration by the time the British arived
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paula Ben-Amos
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Who made the Asafo Flag
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Kweku Kakanu
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What is the name of the cultural group of the Gold Coast that created the Asafo Flag
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Fante
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What language groyup are the Fante from
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Akan
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What does Asafo mean
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sa= war fo=people
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What two typoes of artwork were important to the fante people
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Asafo Flags and cement shrines
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What is the Asafo word for cement shrine
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posuban
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Where was Kweku kakanu born and when
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Mankassim Ghana, 1910
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When was the artist of Asafo Flag most active
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1930's and 40's
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How are Asafo flages usually used
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carefully stored away and used only for special occassions
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Besides being decorated what was another way to make the flags
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painted
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What animal is a prominanent emblem used by Asafo Flag makers
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crocodile
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Where did the Yoruba people believe the erath was created
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Ile-Ile
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What most of the remarkable Yaruba artworks amde out of
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terracotta and cast metal
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What two cultural groups did the Yoruba have close connections with
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Benin and Fon
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What were highly sought after luxury items usually obtained from Europeans
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beads
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How many Yourba people currently live in Nigeria
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about 30 million
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Where did many of the beads traded to Youruba originate from in Europe
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Venice and Bohemia
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what is the tie-dyed type cloth that was available to the common people as a utilitarian cloth called
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Adire
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Who traditionally made the tie-dyed cloth
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women
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Why is the tye died Yaruba cloth dominated by shades of blue
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use of Indigo
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What is the central figure o fthe Adire cloth
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Queen mary and King George V of England
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What event inspired putting English royalty on the Adire Cloth
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1935 silver jubilee
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What figures inspired from islam apear on the Adire cloth
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the winged horse of Muhammad
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What does the Yoruba saying translate to "Ise kosehin oluwa"
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"Everything is Known to God"
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What is used to make the resist tie-dyed adire
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raffia, a grassy fiber
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What is used as a starchy paste that is painted into the fabric o fthe adire cloth
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casava plant
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In the 20th century Yoruba women used imported European cotton since it was cheaper and is when what popular icon was referenced in abstract
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Olokun, the sea diety
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Who attempted to revive the adire cloth with factory made cloth in about 1951
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Nike Davies-Okundaya
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What replaxce Adire cloth
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multi-colored factory made cloth
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What does the history of adire cloth represent
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the complicated relationship between colonizers and natives and influences of Britsh, Islam and native artits
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The Face mask from Cote d'Ivoire is from what people/culture
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Guro People
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What forested region od West Africa wrere Porugues traders most active in during the 15th century
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From Senegal to the Ivory Coast
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What is the name Europeans refer to when they speak of West Africa
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Guinea
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Who were the first Euorpeans to colonize West Africa
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French
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What is the photograph in the resource guide of considering West African Art
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Guro maquerade performance in Ivory Coast
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List the top 6 countries that make up West Africa
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Cote d'Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra leon, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Senegal
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What culture are the neighbors of the Guro people
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Baule
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How are the Guro and other coastal region groups different than Edo and Yoruba
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Not traditionaly ruled by Kings
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Who makes up the political leadership of the Guro Peopl
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Council of elders
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What are 4 smaller cultural groups the Guro People are connected to
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Yaure, Wan, Anyi, and Attie
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What does the Council of elders of the Guro mainly govern
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land ownership and kinship
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How many villages does the Guro elders govern over
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50
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What action does the Guro council take in times of military threat
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appoint a war chief
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What approach have the Guro taken in regards to empire expansion
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they dont really expand
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Who plays a major role in settling disputes in Guro villages
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male elders
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What is the important social organization that hold Guro People together
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family networks
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What status do woodcarvers and artist hold in Guro People
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valuable and recognized for thier abilites
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What type of artwork is popular where cultural groups are based on kinship
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art that demonstrates prestige
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What type of material is used by artists working in culture groups based on finship
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highly valuable reserved for the elite
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What example of elite materila was used by the Edo people
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bronze and brass sculpture
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What elite material was used by the Yoruba people
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beaded regalia
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What elite amterial dod the Asante use in artwork
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gold adornments
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Gura and Baule do not have divine kinships as leaders; how does this affect thier art and material used
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more egalitarian so therefore material does not have to be from elite materials
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What is a soicial practice that plays an important part or the Guro People
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Masquerade plays
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What is the name of the face mask in our reproductions booklet
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mami Wata
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What is the Mami Wata face mask amde from
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wood
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What makes the mami Wata facemask considered to have used elite material
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bottom half is highly styalized and delicate features
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What colors typicaly dominate Guro face masks
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Red, Black, White
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What expression is typical of Guro masks
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calm
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What does scarification marks indicate on the mask
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creates symmetry which is a sgn of beuty and moral strength
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Where are the scarification marks on the Guro mask
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cheeks and forehead
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What do Guro masks NOT represent
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an individuals portrait
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What does the name Mami Wata translate to
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"Mother Water"
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What is the woman in Mami Wata depicted as
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half fish, half human
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When did Cote d'Ivoire become a colony
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1897
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Were there many French citizens that populated the Ivory Coast
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Yes
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How was masquared used considering French colonization
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a sign of resistance to forced French cultral assimilation
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Who was the artist of 'Fading Cloth
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El Anatusui
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Where was El Anatusui born and when
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Anyako 1944
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Where is the town Anyako located
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Volta region of Ghana
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What term did the British use for Ghana
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Gold Coast
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What gave significant influence to Anatusis art
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he lived during the transition phase of Ghana becoming independent from the British
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In the photograph of El Anatsui what is the artwork behind him made out of
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metallic tapestry constructed out of flattened bottle caps
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What job did El Anatsui hold after he finished art training
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teacher
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What establishment invited El Anatsui to join them
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art faculty at the University of Nigeria-Nsukka
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Who was the founding member of the group that invited El Anatsui to be a member
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Uche Okeke
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What was Uche Okeke most interested in (art)
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Igbo traditional motifs such as uli
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What Europen materials did Nsukka artists use to explore uli style
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acrylic, oil paints, gouach, and pen and ink
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What year was Anatsui known as a big artists in Africa and recognizeed internationaly
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1970
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What 2 publishings made Anasui famous internationally and in what year
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Venice Biennale and African Remix 1990
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When did Anatsui's tour take him to Tokyo and London
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2004-07
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What are some of Anasui's favorite materials to creat from today
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broken ceramic pots, discarded casava graters
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What radical tool has Anatsui used in his wood carvings
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chainsaw
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What does Anatsui use to weave the bottle caps and things like that together for his art
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copper wire
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What are the dimensions of 'Fading Cloth'
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10' high and 21' wide
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What color scheme dominate 'Fading Cloth'
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gold
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What colors supplement the dominant gold in 'Fading Cloth'
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reds, blues, silvers
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What does the name 'Fading Cloth' stand for
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the colors are intense at the top and fade as they get to the center
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What is theunusual way 'Fading Cloth' is expected to be hung and what is it not to be
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not simply flat against a wall but draped in forms and ways
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What is a clear formal reference in Anatsuis's work
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kente cloth
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What cultural group is kente cloth associated with
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Asante
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What is kente cloth traditionaly made from
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imported silk
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Who traditionaly wove kente cloth
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men
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Who traditionaly wore kente cloth
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Royalty
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What is the dominate scheme of kente cloth
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bright and bold colors with ryhtm in the patterns
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Who was the person that was savy in wearing his kente cloth to make a political statement
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Kwame Nkrumah
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