Cooperation And Conflict

Front 1

Positive selection

Back 1

nat. selection that increases the freq. of an allele, beneficial or advantageous allele

Front 2

Negative selection

Back 2

nat. selection that decreases the freq. of an allele deleterious mutation

Front 3

to be fixed by nat. selection, a new allele should be

Back 3

selectively advantegous relative to other alleles

Front 4

what mutant alleles are going to be seleced

Back 4

a mutation that

increases fitness of the individual by improving the biological function for survival
improving mating success and feritility

increases the fitness of the individuals relative

decreases the fitness of the individuals carrying alternative alleles

Front 5

absolute fitness

Back 5

ab. # of copies in next generation

Front 6

relative fitness

Back 6

based on the fitness of one individual

Front 7

Inclusive fitness

Back 7

fitness of allele as measured by its direct effect on the survival of organism plus indirect effect on organisms relatives

Front 8

Hamiliton's rule

Back 8

an altruistic trait can increase in freq. in if benefit recieved by donor realtive wieghted by their relationship to the donor of altruistric behavior exceeds the cost of the trait to donor's fitness

Front 9

Haplodiploidy

Back 9

In Social insects

unfertilized egg---> male
Fertilized egg---> female 2n

female is more closely related to her sister than to her daughter.

inclusive fitness of a female may be greater if she devotes her energy to rearing reprod. sisters

Front 10

Queen

Back 10

controls the sex ratio among laid eggs

her fitness maximizes with equal sex ratio bc sons and daughters are related to her
tries to produce 1:1 sex ratio among reproductive offspring

Front 11

Workers

Back 11

may control sex ratio among her adult reproductive siblings by providing nutrients to larvae

inclusive fitness is max if 75% of reproductive sibilings are females and 25% are males
nutrient providing behavior producing 1:1 unbiased or 3:1 female biased sex ratio among reproductive sibilings is genetically determined

Front 12

hermaphrodites

Back 12

each individual produces female and male gametes

ancestral state of many plants

cytoplasmic male sterility factor in mito DNA is freq. in monoecious plants

Front 13

mitocondria

Back 13

inherited through egg cytoplasm--maternal

contribution to future generations increases as more females gametes are produced

Front 14

nuclear genes

Back 14

fitness is highest when equal numbers of male and female gametes are produced

Front 15

CMS mutation on Mito DNA

Back 15

prevents production of pollen
more eggs/seeds are produced as resources are diverted from pollen to seed production

enjoy transmission advantage relative to ancestral allele

reaches high frequency, no fixation.

Front 16

Mutation to a restorer allele on a nuclear gene

Back 16

nullifies to a restores even sex ratio

enjoys transmission advantage when cms are widespread

cms r and cms r plant5s are indistinguishable in phenotype.

Front 17

Maternally vs. Paternally

Back 17

males fitness become higher as he invests more on mating multiple femlaes than caring for offspring.----polygymy

female produces more offspring if she reserves resources for pregnancy

Front 18

genomic imprinting

Back 18

a modification in chromatin structure that contains gene expression. expression level of autosonmal genes are determined by paternal origin regardless of DNA sequences

Front 19

Mouse igf2 is experessed

Back 19

maternal imprinting

Front 20

only maternal copy of H19 is expressed

Back 20

Paternal imprinting

Front 21

Autozomes

Back 21

gene that is on chromosome X or Y.

Front 22

A+

Back 22

highly expressed allows embryos to get more nutrients

Front 23

A-

Back 23

lowly expressed embryo gets lets nutrition