Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Hindgut Fermenters |
cecum |
|
|
Foregut fermenters |
rumen, cows,goats,sheep,giraffes,buffalo,llamas,elk |
|
|
rumen sequence |
1.Anaerobic cellulose digestion 2. Goes to Omasum and is concentrated by water adsorption 3.goes to abomasum, true stomach. acid kills and digests food and microbes 4. digested food go to small intestine |
|
|
rumen products |
Cellulose into volatile fatty acids, co2, ch4 57.5 glucose->65 acetate, 20 propionate, 15 butyrate |
|
|
benefits of microorganisms in gut |
vitamin synthesis glycosidase activity steroid metabolism simulation of immune system antagonism of pathogens |
|
|
Obese people have higher numbers of |
Firmicutes |
|
|
changes in microbial community |
dysbiosys
|
|
|
Heritable symbionts that live inside host cells |
Bacterioictyes |
|
|
Buchnera Bacteria |
Pea Aphids |
|
|
Wolbachia Bacteria |
parasitic symbiont |
|
|
Lower termites |
acetate |
|
|
aliivibrio fischeri |
bacteria in squid that glows |
|
|
trophosome |
spongy cells in sea worms where bacteria live |
|
|
Lactoperoxidase |
in saliva, kills bacteria by toxic oxygen product |
|
|
Lysozyme |
in saliva, enzyme that cleaves peptidoglycan |
|
|
Helicobacter pylori |
colonizes stomaches, associated with stomach ulcers |
|
|
Lactobacillus acidophilus |
ferment glycogen to acid in pussy to make it acidic |
|
|
tropism |
ability for pathogens to detect specific tissues and sites for binding |
|
|
Clycocalyx |
polymers surrounding bacteria that help in biofilm formation. Slime layers, capsules |
|
|
phagocytes |
cells that detect and eat pathogens |
|
|
adaptive immunity |
1.recognize 2.discriminate 3eliminate |
|
|
Lymphocytes |
responsible for adaptive immunity. activated and programmed |
|
|
Antigen |
molecule or portion of molecule that stimulates immune system response |
|
|
macrophages |
usual phagocyte |
|
|
present |
when a macrophage projects pieces of pathogen |
|
|
T cells |
process presented antigens from macrophages |
|
|
Tc cytotoxic cells |
kill infected cells |
|
|
Th helper cells |
release cytokines that induce inflimation stimulate antigen reactive b cells to proliferate and produce antibodies |
|
|
B cells |
recognize antigen, present to t cell. b cell produces antibodies. |
|
|
plasma cells |
search and destroy pathogens |
|
|
memory b cells |
cells ready to alert presence of preexisting pathogen |
|
|
epitopes |
sites that are recognized by cells |
|
|
superantigens |
bacterial exotoxins that cause excessive immune response |
|
|
toxoid |
exotoxins that have been chemically deactived but still antigenic |
|
|
inactivated pathogen |
killed virus or bacteria |
|
|
live attenuated pathogen |
mutated variant, doesnt cause disease but stimulates immune system |
|
|
Urine |
bacteriuria |
|
|
blood |
bacteremia, |
|
|
Purlent discharge |
pussy discharge |
|
|
serology |
use of antigen antibody reactions to detect, antigens, or antibodies in patient. |
|
|
Mantoux skin test |
tests for tuberculosis |
|
|
agglutination |
binding of antibodies to large cell to visualize |
|
|
Protein A |
found on the surface of Staphylococcus aureus cells |
|
|
5 methods of antibiotics |
critical biochemical pathway dna/rna synthesis cell wall synthesis inhibtion of translation altering cell membranes |
|
|
Sulfanilamide Isoniazid |
blocks creation of nucleic acids |
|
|
Quinolones |
DNA gyrase inhibitors, blocks DNA replication |
|
|
Penicillin G |
beta-lactam, stopping transpeptidase bonding |
|
|
cephalosporins |
inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis |
|
|
Kanamycin, erythromycin, tetracyclines |
bind to ribosomal subunit to stop translation |
|
|
Daptomycin, ionophore |
puts holes in cell wall |
|
|
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
MRSA, skin pathogen, |
|
|
Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus |
VRE, occur in hospitals |
|
|
Class A |
Bacteria, anthrax, botulism, plague, tularemia Virus, smallpox, viral hemorrhagic fevers |
|
|
Anthrax |
Bacillus anthracis, spores germinate to cause infection, 3 types of infection |
|
|
Smallpox |
Variola major. aerosol transmission. Pustules, septic shock, toxemia |
|
|
Cholera |
Vibrio cholerae, waterborn bacteria |
|
|
Carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae |
Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae new delhi metallo beta lactamase klebsiella pneumoniea carbapenemase |
|
|
Methicillin resistant staphylooccus aureus |
MRSA. resistant to beta latam methicillin |
|
|
Streptococcus pyogenes |
Group A strep upper respiratory tract causes streptococcal pharyngitis beta hemolysis |
|
|
Scarlet fever |
caused by continuation of group a Strep erythrogenic exotoxin, beta hemolysis |
|
|
Rheumatic Fever |
Group A strep syndrome, patients immune system attacks heart, kidney, joints |
|
|
Necrotizing fasciitis |
invasive strep A infection. Exotoxins and mprotein act as superantigens. |
|
|
Group B strep |
newborn babies, old, pregnant, Streptococcus agalactiae |
|
|
Streptococcus pneumoniae |
Pneumonia, invasive lung infection Bacterial meningitis (inflamation of spinal coat) |
|
|
Diptheria |
Corynebacterium diptheriae infects upper respiratory tract causes lesions called pseudomembrane some cause diptheria toxins that inhibit protein synthesis |
|
|
Pertussus |
Whooping cough Bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin helps attach to upper respiratory tract Produces pertussis exotoxin which causes cyclic amp synthesis. |
|
|
Tuberculosis |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis intracellular paracite that attacks immune cells hyperimmune response creates tubercules two antibiotic forms MDR XDR |
|
|
Leprosy |
Hansens Disease Mycobacterium leprae bacteria invade macrophages produces lesions |
|
|
Bacterial meningitis |
Neisseria meningitiidis several things cause menningitis bacteremia to septicemia |
|
|
Measles |
Rubeola virus infects respiratory tract, fever rash |
|
|
Mumps |
mumps virus, inflammation of salivary glands |
|
|
rubella |
german measles, rubella virus |
|
|
Chickenpox and shingles |
varicella zoster virus, highly contageous |
|
|
common cold |
rhinovirus, coronavirus causes rhinits, inflamation of nasal membrane |
|
|
influenza |
single stranded rna AB C types A type is H or N subtype |
|
|
Neuraminidase |
flu subtype related to releasing from host cell |
|
|
Hemagglutinin |
flu subtype involded in attaching to host cells |
|
|
virus naming order |
Virus type/location/strain#/year/subtypes A/hongkong/1/89/h3n4 |
|
|
asian bird flue |
h5n1 influenza virus |
|
|
Staphylococcus aureus |
Abscess impetigo (outerskin infection) bacteremia/septicemia wound infections otidis media pyogenic |
|
|
Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors |
hemolysis coagulase Leukocidin toxic shock |
|
|
Gastric Ulcers |
heliobacter pylori |
|
|
Hepatitis |
inflamation of liver, usually caused by a virus Hep A-E Hep A is food rest are diseases |
|
|
Hepatitis B |
HBV serum hepatitis cirrhosis of liver vaccine |
|
|
Hepatitis C |
blood body fluid no vaccine |
|
|
Gonorrhea |
Neisseria gonnorrhoeae |
|
|
Syphilis |
Treponema pallidum no reinfection forms chancre disseminates gets you good |
|
|
Chlamydia |
Chlamydia trachomatis obligate intracellular parasite most prevalent STD Obligate intracellular parasite Elementary>cell and works>elementary Chlamydial non gonococcal urethritis |
|
|
herpes |
herpesvirus HSV1 Cold sores HSV2 Genital sores |
|
|
Human papillomavirus |
causes cancers, cervix |
|
|
AIDS |
Human immunodeficiancy virus targets immune cells with CD4 and CCR5 proteins, gp120 likes them. C.O.D is opprotunistic pathogens Pneumonia jiroveci Candida albicans Toxoplasma gondii |
|
|
Rabies virus |
attacks central nervous system, grows in brain, can be treated post exposure, produces negri bodies |
|
|
Hantavirus |
Hantavirus is BSL4 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome causes edema Hemmorrhagic fever with renal syndrome infection in kidneys |
|
|
West nile virus |
bird disease, kills horses dead end hosts |
|
|
Rickettsial diseases |
caused by obligate intracellular parasites Rocky mountain spotted fever Ehrlichiosis typhus Q fever |
|
|
Rocky mountain spotted fever |
Rickettsia rickettsii |
|
|
Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasomis |
dogs and humans, tick transmission, infects white blood cells Caused by Ehrlichia family |
|
|
typhus |
Rickettsia prowazekii humans are only host headlice transmission |
|
|
Qfever |
Coxiella burnetti, tick spread, sheep cattle contact with urine feces milk from infected animal |
|
|
Lyme Disease |
Borrelia burgdorferi, spread by deer tick |
|
|
Plague |
Yersinia pestis rat resivoir, flea transmission Bubonic: lymphs Pneumonic: lungs Septicemic: blood |
|
|
Tetanus |
Clostridium tetani bacterium spores germinate in anoxic deep wounds results in spastic paralysis |
|
|
Gas gangrene |
Clostridium perfringes inhabits soils, colonize deep wounds bloating |
|
|
Staphylococcus aureus |
food poisoning enterotoxins act as superantigens |
|
|
Salmonellosis |
Salmonella enterica divided into many serotypes |
|
|
Enterocolitis |
caused by salmonella colonize in intestine enterotoxins and endotoxins kill cells |
|
|
Typhoid Fever |
salmonella typhi waterborn foodborn |
|
|
E. coli food infections |
use diarrhea as advantage |
|
|
Shiga toxin producing ecoli |
Ecoli O157:H7 enterohemorrhagic e coli bloody diarrhea |
|
|
Enterotoxogenic E coli |
non bloody diarrhea |
|
|
Campylobacter |
Campylobacter jejuni, found in poultry, most common cause of diarrheal illness |
|
|
Listeriosis |
Listeria monocytogenes can grow in cold high mortality |
|
|
Norovirus |
common cause of gastroenteritis
18 viral particles cause infection outbreaks during winter |
|
|
Cholera |
Vibrio cholerae waterborn, inadequate sanitaion severe diarrhea |
|
|
Legionnaires disease |
Legionella pneumophila causes pneumonia waterborne |
