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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ventral pons |
pneumotaxic center w/ inspiratory, expiratory and I-E neurons |
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caudal pons |
apneustic center |
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medulla |
Dorsal Respiratory group & ventral respiratory group |
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DRG cells |
Inspiratory-alpha and -beta cells, pump cells |
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inherent respiratory pattern generator?? |
inspiratory-alpha cells of DRG |
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pump cells |
activity during inspiration only |
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impulses from DRG -> |
C3-C5 -> phrenic nerve -> diaphragm |
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central chemoreceptors location |
ventral lateral medulla |
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types of central chemoR |
CO2 and H= receptors |
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central chemoR importance |
result in 70% of inspiratory drive! |
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response to increased CO2? |
increase ventilation (first incr. TV, then incr. frequency) |
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are there central PO2 receptors? |
NO!! |
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decreased sensitivity to PCO2 |
COPD, CNS (sleep, SIDS, sleep apnea), extrinsic (alcohol, barbiturates, morphine) |
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increased sensitivity to PCO2 |
metabolic acidosis, progesterone (preggers), drugs (ASA) |
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obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) |
atonia of upper AWs during sleep - inspiration causes an increase in negative AW pressure and increase tendency to collapse upper AWs -tone restored upon arousal -assoc. w/ obesity, enlarged tongue/tonsils |
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CNS effects of OSA |
reduced gray matter!
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Peripheral control of ventilation - CV reflexes |
Aortic & carotid bodies |
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carotid body receives innervation from |
Hering n. (9th CN branch) |
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aortic body receives innervation from |
Vagus nerve (10th CN) |
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stimulation of peripheral chemoR |
hypercapnia (3 mmHg change), lowered pH (incr. H+), hypotension |
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when does hypoxia have an effect? |
~ 60 mmHg PaO2 |
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what happens when you give O2 to a COPD patient? |
produce apnea!! - in COPD patients, set point of CO2 goes up, respiratory drive is suppressed, start to become O2-driven |
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baroreceptor reflex |
carotid & aortic sinuses will incr. ventilation in response to decr. BP |
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cheyne-stokes ventilation |
crescendo-decrescendo-apnea pattern; caused by increased circulation time and decr. blood gas buffering ability (cardiac failure) |
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Slowly-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors |
located throughout the airways; sense volume/stretch; innervates the Inspiratory beta neurons & P cells of DRG |
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Slowly-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors reflexes |
Hering-Breuer stretch reflex: prevent over inflation of lung by decr. inspiration and incr. expiration (decr. TV) -bronchodilation reflex |
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SAPSR fiber activity |
continues to fire during step-wise lung inflation and while holding breath (sense absolute lung volume) |
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Rapidly-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors (RARs) |
- located throughout AWs, carina concentrated - stimulated by inflation & deflation (rate sensitive), BC - action: reverse atelectasis & restore compliance - innervates the DRG |
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RARs reflexes |
increase inspiratory, decrease expiration + augmented breaths (gasps) |
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RAR fiber activity |
only fires during inspiration (change responsive) |
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c-fiber endings locations |
bronchial circulation, alveoli, branches of alveolar ducts (neuroepithelial bodies) |
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c-fiber endings stimuli |
edema (strong), inflation (weak), chemical!!! (bradykinin, capsaicin) |
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purpose of c-fiber endings? |
defense reflexes! - apnea then rapid-shallow breathing, bradycardia, hypoT, BC, AW secretions, incr. muco-ciliary activity |
