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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Rhythm Generation (3 Hypotheses) |
Oscillator, off switch-threshold, pacemaker kernel |
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Oscillator & off switch-threshold |
- distributed network models - rhythm depends on delay between inhibiting active nerves - rhythm and pattern signal = patterned motor output |
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Pacemaker kernel hypothesis |
- depends on pacemaker activity in single neurons - timing and signal = patterned motor output |
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Apnoea |
No breathing, due to damage to medulla |
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Hyperpnea |
Appropriate increase in breathing (eg. exercise) |
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Hypopnea |
Reduced breathing |
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Gasping |
Prolonged expiration |
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Apneusis |
Prolonged inspiration, shortened expiration |
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Brain regions involved in respiratory rhythm |
Ventral and dorsal areas in medulla oblongata |
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Function of pneumotaxic centre |
In the pons, shortens inspiration |
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Location of central and peripheral chemoreceptors |
Carotid and aortic bodies (?) |
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Stimuli of C & P chemoreceptors |
Central - pCO2 in blood and H+ Peripheral - pO2 in blood, H+, and some pCO2 |
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Peripheral chemoreceptors - Sensory input into control of ventilation (effectors controlled, where control occurs) |
- detect chemical changes in blood - stimulate pontine and medullary resp. centres when detect decrease in pH - Pontine and medullary resp. centres send impulses to muscles of lungs to trigger inspiration/expiration via neurons |
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Central chemoreceptors - Sensory input into control of ventilation (effectors controlled, where control occurs) |
- In brain stem, which is in the medulla - Detect changes in blood pH |
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Receptors in muscle and joints - sensory input into control of ventilation (effectors controlled, where control occurs) |
- During exercise, will stimulate respiratory centre, causing increase in breathing (take in more O2, breathe out acid built up) |
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Lungs - sensory input into control of ventilation (effectors controlled, where control occurs) |
- Irritant receptors in lungs that blow out irritants - When stimulated, suppresses respiratory centres - Stretch receptors - hearing-brever reflex is a protective reflex initiated by extreme over-inflation of lungs, so when stimulated, suppresses respiration |
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Response to changes in blood oxygen |
When blood O2 is high, glomus cell membranes in carotid and aortic bodies depolarise, releasing neurotransmitters to send out more AP out onto neuron, stimulating respiration |
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Response to changes in CO2 |
When CO2 blood levels are high, neurons send out more AP, stimulating respiration |
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Response to changes in pH |
When glomus cell detects low pH in blood, more AP is released, stimulating respiration |
