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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In the Netherlands, which country owned the south? north?
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south - belgium
north - netherlands(Dutch) |
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The NEtherlands had long been a part of the Holy Roman Empire, who was the king of the Netherlands?
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Philip II
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What percent of the Dutch were Calvinist?
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one third
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Why did Philip II sent his sister to govern the Netherlands?
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he sent his sister Margaret to govern the Netherlands with the twin goals of stamping out Protestantism and raising taxes
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In 1566, what did mobs of angry Calvinists do to Catholic churches? What did they call themselves?
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they smashed windowns, burned books, destroyed altars, and ruined all the rich ornaments;they called themselves the Sea Beggars
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What did Philip II do in response to the Sea Beggars? How many people per day did Alva execute?
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he sent 20,000 soldiers under the Spanish Duke of Alva to destroy Protestantism in the Netherlands(they also killed heretics). he executed 1,500 people in one dayPrince William of Orange ( he was also knkokwn as William the Silent for his remarkable ability to keep his plans secret)
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Who was the greatest leader of the revolt
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Prince William of Orange(he was also known as William the Silent for his remarkable ability to keep his plans secret)
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For what reason did Prince William of Orange fight the Spaniards?
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his motives were political, not religious
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What did the Dutch do to drive out the Spanish? Where was the first place they did this?
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they opened the floodgates, covering the land with water. the first place was Alkmaar
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After the battle between the Dutch and the Spaniards was over, who had the southern part?
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spain
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The majority of the people in the southern part of the Netherlands(under Spanish control) were what religion? What was their language closer to?
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they were mostly Catholics and their language was cloer to French than to German
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What happened to Prince William of Orange?
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he was murdered in 1584 by a fanatic
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Who was considered the "father of his country" for the Netherlands?
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Prince William of Orange
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Who moved to Netherlands(United Provinces)?
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Jews, scholars moved to the Netherlands
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The United Provinces was not a ________ but a ________.
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kingdom but a republic
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What did each province in the U.P.(United Provinces) haveas a leader?
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each had an elected governor called a stadt-holder
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What did each of the seven provinces(of the U.P.) send delegations to?
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sent it to a legislative body called the States General
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How much power did the States General have? Why?
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few powers because each province jealously guarded its independence
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What did the States General members insist on being called?
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"Their High Mightinesses"
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What economic system did the Dutch develop?
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capitalism
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Who are capitalists?
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people who invest large sums of money as capital in business ventures
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What was the goal of capitalists?
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to gain enough money to pay all the costs of the venture as well as to make some profit
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What did capitalists do with the profit that they earned?
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they reinvested in another venture
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What did the merchants of Amsterdam do?
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they bought surplus grain in Poland and crammed it into their warehouses. THen, they waited for poor harvests in southern Europe so they could ship the grain while prices were the highest; Western Europe was short of timber, so the Dutch merchants exploited that by shipping great quantities of Scandinavian lumber to Spain, France, Italy, and England
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How many ships did the Dutch own by 1600?
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10,000 ships
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What was the safest, soundest bank in Europe in 1609? Who deposited their money there?
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the Amsterdam Exchange Bank; princes and merchants from many countries deposited money there
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In 1602, 17 of Amsterdam's wealthiest merchants pooled their money to form what?
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the Dutch East Indies Company?
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How long did it take for the Dutch to replace the Portuguese in the trade in the east? What kind of things did they sell?
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20 years, in the East Indies, Ceylon(Sri Lanka), and the Cape of Good Hope; they sold pepper, cloves, and nutmeg
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What was the commercial revolution?
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a system of trade, profit, and investment which became extremely important to Europe
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Who was the greatest Dutch artist of the period? What did his paintings capture? What was his most famous group painting? Why?
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Rembrandt van Rijn.they realitically captured moments of drama. "The Night Watch". it showed his mastery of light and shadow
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What kind of paintings did Franz Hals paint?
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brighter and less somber works than Rembrandt
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What did Jan Vermeer become famous for painting?
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middle-aged women doing such tasks as pouring milk and sewing
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How did Henry II die?
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he died in a jounsting accident
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how many sons did Henry II leave behind?
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4
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What percent of France was protestant?(Huguenot)
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one-sixth
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What was the names and religions of the two French families that wanted to overthrow the Valois monarchy?
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House of Bourbon - protestant
House of Guise - Catholic |
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How did Catherine de Medici "start" the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?
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Catherine did not like Admiral de Coligny(the advisor to Charles IX) she was scared that de Coligny would influence Charles more than her. Charles said that if Catherine wanted to kill de Coligny then she would have to kill all the Huguenots(because Coligny was a Huguenot and the Protestants would revolt if Coligy was killed)
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Where did the St. Bart's Day massacre begin? How long did it go? How many were killed?
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it started in Paris; they killed for a month; around 12,000 Huguenots were killed
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How did Charles IX die? Who took over?
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he died of tuberculosis, and his younger brother Henry III bcame the last Valois king of France
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What are politiques?
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French Catholic leaders who strived for religious toleration and a strong monarch
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Who was Prince Henry of Navarre?
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he was the leader of the Bourbon and therefore a Huguenot. He became the first Bourbon king of France, Henry IV
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What did Henry IV do for the sake of France?
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he gave up his religion and became a Catholic
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What was the Edict of Nantes?
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in every district(except Paris), Huguenots could set up at least one house of worship
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What did Henry IV devote the rest of his reign to?
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rebuilding France and restoring its prosperity
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Who was Henry IV's finance minister?
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the Duke of Sully
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How did Henry IV die?
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one fanatic who hated the compromising spiritof Henry, leaped into the royal carriage and stabbed Henry to death
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Who was Henry IV's successor?
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Louis XIII, he was 9 years old, he became the second BOurbon monarch
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in 1624, Louis XIII appointed who to be his chief minister?
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a Catholic cardinal named Richelieu
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What two goals did Richelieu devote himself to?
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increasing the power of the Bourbon monarchy and making France the strongest state in Europe
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What were the 3 dangers that Richelieu saw to the French state?
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the independence of the Huguenot cities, the power of the French nobility, and the encircling armies of the Hapsburgs
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What did Richelieu do to remove the three dangers to the French state?
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1. he feared a provision in the Edict of Nantes that gave Huguenots the right to fortify their cities, this wasw because they could resist the king.
2. French nobles were ordered to take down their fortified castles 3. he strenghtened the powers of the government agents(intendants, from the ranks of the middle class)to collect taxes and administer justice -- no longer needed nobles politically or militarily |
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Who was Rabelais?
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he was a monk who loved to laugh at human folly. He fled the monaster to pursue a career in medicine. he published two satires on European society, Gargantua and Pantagruel. he ridiculed anything that restricted the human spirit
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Who was Montaigne?
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He set forth his thoughts in a new form of literature, the essay.
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What is an essay? who invented it?
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An essay is a short written work on a single topic. it usually expresses the personal views of the writer. it was invented by Montaigne
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Who was Descartes?
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he both a mathematician and a philosopher. he developed the basic ideas of analytic geometry. he also studied optics, astronomy, and natural philosophy(psychology).
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What was Descartes most famous work? What did he believe?
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Discourse on Method. he wrote it as a guide for "seeking truth in the sciences" he believed that everything should be doubted until proven by reason. "I think, therefore I am"
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Who was Ferdinand II?
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a German speaking Austrian who was a Catholic and the king of the Czech kingdom of Bohemia. He became HRE(HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR)
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WHAT WAS THE THIRTY YEAR'S WAR?
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A WAR FOUGHT BETWEEN FERDINAND II, A CATHOLIC AND THE GERMAN PROTESTANT PRINCES.
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WHO WAS WALLENSTEIN?
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HE WAS HIRED BY FERDINAND II(THE KING OF BOHEMIA) AND HE RAISED AN ARMY OF 125,000 MEN.
[THIRTY YEAR'S WAR] |
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WHO WAS GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS?
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THE PROTESTANT'S LEADER, HE WAS SWEDEN'S KING AND HE DROVE OUT THE HAPSBURGS OUT OF NORTHERN GERMANY. HE HAD AN ARMY OF 13,000 MEN
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WHAT WAS THE TREATY OF WESTPHALIA?
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IT ENDED THE THIRTY YEAR'S WAR
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WHAT WERE THE TERMS OF THE TREATY OF WESTPHALIA?
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France took Alsace, Sweden took a piece of northern Germany, princes of Germany won almost total independence from the HRE, Calvinism gained equal privileges with Lutheranism and Catholicism, the Dutch Republic won recognition as an independent state
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WHY WERE THE PROTESTANTS ANGRY WITH THEIR KING FERDINAND II?
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he was both a foreigner and an ardent Catholic.
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WHAT WAS THE TURNING POINT IN THE THIRTY YEAR'S WAR?
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when the protestants found a new leader, Gustavus Adophus(he landed in N. Germany)
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WHY DID FRANCE JOIN THE PROTESTANT FORCE IN THE THIRTY YEAR'S WAR?
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because Cardinal Richelieu feared the Hapsburgs
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What was the impact of the thirty year's war on Germany's political and economic? What happened to the unity?
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the German population sank from 20 million to 13.5 million. many peasants were forced back into serfdom, and both trade and agriculture were in shambles. Germany lost what little unity it once had, and land was destroyed
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Who were the losers of the Thirty year's war? Who was the major winner?
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the Hapsburg states of Austria and Spain were the losers. the major winner was France, which emerged as Europe's strongest state
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