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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who did the Mongols destroy? Who inhabited Anatolia? What kind of people were they? Were they united by a strong central power?
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The Mongols destroyed the Turkish Seljuk sultanate. Anatolia was inhabited mostly by the descendants of nomadic Turks. They were a militaristic people who had a long history of invading other countries. They were not united by a strong central power.
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Many Anatolian Turks saw themselves as what? What is that? What were they similar to? What did they form? Under whom? What laws did they follow?
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Anatolian Turks saw themselves as ghazis(warriors for Islam) They were similar to the Christian knights in Europe during the Middle Ages. They formed military societies under the leadership of an emir and followed a strict Islamic code of conduct
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The Turks raided the territories of whom? What did their name mean? Where did they live?
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They raided the territories of the "infidels" or people who didn't believe in Islam. These people lived on the frontiers of the Byzantine Empire
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Who was the most successful ghazi, and first ruler of the Anatolian Turks(not their nickname)? What did people in the West call him? What were his followers called?(their official name?)
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Osman. People in the West called him Othman, and named his followers Ottomans.
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Where did Osman build a small state? When?
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Anatolia, between 1300 and 1326
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What was the Ottomans' military succes largely based on?
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the use of gunpowder
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The Ottomans' were among the first people to use what as offensive weapons?
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cannons as offensive weapons
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Who was the second Ottoman leader? What did he declare himself to be? What is that?
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Orkhan I; he declared himself sultan, meaning "overlord" or "one with power"
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How did th eOttomans act towards the people they conquered? Who did they rule through? Who were these people appointed by? What often happened as a result?
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they acted kindly toward the people they conquered. They ruled through local officials appointed by the sultan and often improved the lives of the peasants
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Who briefly interrupted the rise of the Ottoman Empire? When? Who did he claim to be descended from?
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Timur the Lame, the early 1400's. He claimed to be descended from the Mongol conqueror, Genghis Khan.
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What cities did Timur the lame conquer? What city did he burn?
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He conquered both Russian and Persia. He burned the powerful city of Baghdad(in present-day Iraq) to the ground
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What did Timur the Lame do to the inhabitants of Delhi? Moving back west into Anatolia, who did he crush? What was the name of the battle? what year was it? What entailed this defeat? Who did Timur take back to Samarkand? In what? What happened to the captured person?
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He butchered the inhabitants of Delhi and made a pyramid of their skulls.He crushed the Ottoman forces at the Battle of Ankara in 1402. This defeat halted the expansion of their empire. Timur then took their sultan back to Samarkand in an iron cage. The sultan died in captivity
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Who was the 3rd Ottoman sultan? Who was the 4th?
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- Mehmet I was the 3rd
- Murad II was the fourth |
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What did the fourth sultan do? What did he restore? Who did he defeat? Where did he invade?
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Murad II, restored the Ottoman military to its former power. He defeated the Venetians, invaded Hungary, and overcame an army of Italian crusaders in the Balkans.
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Who was the 5th ruler of the Ottomans? who was his father? When did he come to power? what was his nickname? What did he do?
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Mehmet II, or Mehmet the Conqueror, took power at age 21. His father was Murad II. He took over Constantinople
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How did Mehmet the II take over Constantinople? How many defenders were in Constantinople? What kept the Turkish fletet out of the city harbor? How did they drag 70 ships over a hillHow long did the city hold out? How did the Turks win in the end?
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7,000 defenders were in Constantinople. Mehmet's forces fired on the city walls with mighty cannons. One of these was a 26 foot gun that fired 1,200 pound boulders. A chain across the Golden Horn between the Bosporus Strait and the Sea of Marmara kept the Turkish fleet out of the city's harbor. They dragged 70 ships over a hill on greases runners. They city held out for five weeks, but the Turks found a break in the wall and gained entry to the city.
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How long were the ghazis allowed to plunder?
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3 days, after three days plunder was forbidden
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Where did Mehmet II go after conquering Constantinople? What did he declare it to be? When were Muslim prayers held there?
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He went to the Hagia Sophia on the Bosporus. He declared it a mosque. Muslim prayers were held there the first Friday the Ottomans occupied the city.
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Who did Mehmet II the open Constantinople to? What is the city now called?
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He opened Constantinople to new citizens of many religions and backgrouns. Jews, Christians, and Muslims, Turks and non-Turks. They helped rebuild the city thta was now called Istanbul
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Who was the 6th sultan of the Ottomans? When did he come to power? How did he do so? How did he protect his position?
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Selim the Grim(his nickname also) He came to power in 1512. He did so by overthrowing his father and murdering his brothers. He protected his position by executing his nephews and all but one of his sons.
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What battle did Selim the Grim win? When? Who did he defeat? What was happening at the same time in the Americas? What cities did Selim capture?
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The Battle of Chaldiran. 1514 He defeated the Safavids. At the same time, in the Americas, Cortez was toppling the Aztec Empire. Selim captured Mecca and Medina
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Who was the seventh sultan? When did he come to power? How long was he ruler? What was he above all?
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Suleiman I, 1520 and ruled for 46 years. He was above all a military leader
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Name the 8 sultans of the Ottoman empire and their nickanmes and their relationships to each other.
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1. Osman - people in the West called him Othman
1&2 = no relation? 2. Orkhan I - declared himself a sultan 2&3 = no relation? 3. Mehmet I 3 is 4's father 4. Murad II 5's father is 4 5. Memet II, or Mehmet the Conqueror 5&6 = unknown relationship 6. Selim the Grim 6 is 7's father 7. Suleiman I, or Suleiman the Magnificent in the West and Suleiman the Lawgiver to his own people 7 is 8's father 8.Selim II |
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What city did Suleiman conquer? In what year? What island did he capture the next year? What happened due to that conquest?
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He conquered the city of Belgrade in 1521. He captured the island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean the next year. With taht conquest, the Ottomans dominated the whole eastern Mediterranean
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What other city did Suleiman capture? What did they control to the interior of Africa? Suleiman advanced into what 2 countries. What happened as a result? Where did the Ottoman expansion end?
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Tripoli, They controlled trade routes to the interior of Africa. Suleiman advanced into Hungary and Austria, throwing central Europe into a panic. It ended in the outskirts of Vienna, Austria.
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Who is the only monarch who came close to rivaling Suleiman's power?
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Charles V(HRE) head of the Hapsburg Empire in Europe
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How was Suleiman's empire organized? How long did the Ottoman fimly dynasty rule?What surrounded the family? How many slaves was it staffed by?
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It was organized into a complex military state. THe dynasty ruled for 600 years. Surrounding the famliy was the palace bureaucracy(people who work in the daily workings of the palace). It was staffed by the sultan's 20,000 personal slaves
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What were janissaries? Where were they taken from? What was this policy called? What happened the the boys they took?
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Janissaries were an elite force of 30,00 that was drawn from the peoples of conquered Christian territories as part of a policy called devshirme. The sultan's army took the boys from their families and
A. educated them B. converted them to Islam C. trained them as soldiers |
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What happened to non-Muslim girls? What were millets? Who did the head of the millets report to?
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non-Muslim girls were taken from their families to become slaves to the wealthy. Millets were nations.The head reported to the sultan and his staff.
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The patchwork system of the millets kept conflict among people of the various religions to a minimum. However, what did it "sow" for the future?
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It sowed the seeds of modern ethnic conflicts in the area
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What are 2 things that Suleiman did? What title did the people give him as a result of this?
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Suleiman simplified the system of taxation and reduced the government bureaucracy
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Name the six interests of Suleiman
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He studied poetry, history, geography, astronomy, mathematics, and architecture
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What did Sueiman do to set the stage for the decline of his empire? How did he protect his position?
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Suleiman killed his ablest son and drove another into exile. His third son, the incompetent Selim II, inherited the throne
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What 2 countries defeated Selim II? When? What was the name of the battle? What happened?
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Spain and Italy. 1571. Battle of Lepanto. Spain and Italy destroyed Selim's Turkish fleet
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What was happening in the government during the decline of the Ottoman empire?
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corruption was eating away at the government.
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What was customary for each new sultan to do(during the decline of the Ottoman empire)? What would the sultans do to their sons? What was the result of this?
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It became customary for each new sultan to have his brothers strangled with the silk string of a bow. The sultan would then keep his sons prisoner in the harem, cutting them off from education or contact with the world. This proctice produced a long line of weak, ignorant sultans who eventually brough ruin on the empire
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What country remains today as the last of the Ottomans?
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Turkey
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The Safavids were members of an Islamic religious brotherhood. Who were named after? What was their origin? Who did this claim that they were descended from?
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They were named after founder, Safi al-Din. Safavids were of Iranian origin, they claimed taht they were descended from the prophet Muhammad
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The Shi'a Safavids were persecuted on religious grounds by which group of people? Why was this strange for this group of people?
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They were persecuted by the Ottoman Sunni. It was strange because this treatment was a departure from the Sunni's traditional religious tolerance
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Where were the Safavids located? Which two people were they squeezed in between?
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The Safavids were squeezed geographically between the Ottomans and Uzbek tribespeople
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What did the Safavids do to protect themselves from potential enemies?
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To protect themselves, they concentrated on building a powerful army
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What did the Safavid military wear? Describe it fully. What did they become known as? Who was their leader? How old was he?
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They wore unique red headgear with 12 folds, and so became known as the "redhead". Their leader was a 14-year-old named Isma'il
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What did Isma'il do within two years? What did he do to celebrate his achievement? What religion did he establish as the state religion?
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Isma'il seized most of what is now Iran in 2 years. TO celebrate, he took the ancient Persian title of shah, or king. He also established Shi'a Islam as the state religion
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How was Isma'il a religious tyrant. What did he to do any citizen who would not convert to Shi'ism? What did he do to the Sunni population of Baghdad?
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He killed any citizen who did not convert to Shi'ism. He destroyed the Sunni population of Baghdad.
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What did Selim the Grim do in retaliation to what Isma'il did to the Sunni population?
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Selim the Grim ordered the execution of all Shi'a in the Ottoman Empire
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What were the boundries of the Safavid Empire? During the time of Isma'il
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He expanded the Safavid Empire up to the Caucasus Mountains northeast of Turkey
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Under which leader of the Safavids did the golden age come under? What did cultures did he blend to create a Safavid culture?
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Shah Abbas, or Abbas the Great. He helped create a Safavid culture that drew from the best of the Ottoman, Persian, and Arab worlds.
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What 2 things did Shah Abbas reform? How did he reform them?
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He reformed both miliatry and civilian aspects of life. He limited the power of the military redheads. And he created two new armies that would be loyal to him alone. One of them was a force like the Ottoman janissaries which Abbas recruited from the Christian north
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Shah Abbas punished what severely? What kind of officials did he promote?
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Shah Abbas punished corruption severely and promoted only officials who proved their competence and loyalty
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Shah Abbas established relations with Europe. As a result what happened? Who did he bring from Asia? What was the capital city of Abba's empire?
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As a result, industry and art flourished. He also brought Chinese artisans to the Safavid Empire. The capital was Isfahan
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What was the main export of the Safavid empire under Shah Abbas?
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Persian carpets
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What did Shah Abbas do to his sons? Who succeded him?
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Shah Abbas killed or blinded his ablest sons. He was succeeded by his incompetent grandson, Safi
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In 1722, tribal armies were taking over portions of the Safavid realm. What tribal army was coming from the east? Which was coming from the west?
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East - Afghanistan
West - Ottoman |
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A ruler from a _____ family - What was his name? He was the last ruler of the Safavid Empire before it ended.
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A ruler from a __Sunni__ family-
Nadir Shah Afshar(just need to know Nadir) |
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Nadir Shah Afshar conquered all the way to where? What did he create? What kind of man was he? How did he die? When did his empire fall apart?
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He conquered all the way to India and created a new Persian empire. He was a cruel man. One of his own troops assassinated him. In 1747, his empire fell apart
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After the 600’s India was invaded by Arabs and Muslim tribes from Where?
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Asia
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These groups divided India up into small kingdoms called ?
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“sons of kings”
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8th Century - _____ and ____ divided the land
For 300 years the Hindus fought off the Muslims, who got as far as the ____ |
Hindus and Muslims
Indus River Valley |
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Around 1000 who invaded and destroyed Indian cities. What happened as a result?
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The Turks invaded and destroyed Indian cities
As a result, this weakened India and Hindus |
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How old was Babur when he took over Uzbekistan and Tajikistan?
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Babur was 11
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What 2 countries did Babur take over when he was 11?
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Uzbekistan and Tajikistan
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Uzbekistan and Tajikistan was taken away from Babur and as a result what happened?
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He was pushed south, and he created an army that swept down into India
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What did Babur love? What kind of ruler what his son? What did his son do?
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Babur loved arts. His son was weak and lost most of his territory
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Who is Babur's grandson? When did he rule? What religion was he? What did he believe in?
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Akbar. He ruled from 1556-1605. He was Muslim. he believed in religious tolerance
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What did Akbar do? Name three and explain each one.
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Akbar abolished taxes on those who practiced other religions. He established a bureaucracy of officals - anyone could participate, they came up with a tax system that was based on crop production and land ownership. He provided bureaucrats with land grants - this prevented feudalism, he took the land back once the person died
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What was Akbar's source of power? What did he believe fighting did for a nation? What did he use in war? Who did he appoint as officers to make allies out of potential enemies? He ruled a territory of at least how many people?
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his military. He believed that fighting revealed the strength of a nation, otherwise border nations would conquer the country. He used heavy artillery(cannons). He appointed Rajputs as officers to make allies out of potential enemies. He ruled a territory of at least 100 million people
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What was the language of Akbar's court? What did common people speak? What did Mughal armies speak? What was that a blend of? Where is this language spoken in today? What are miniatures?
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Persian was the language of his court. The common people spok Hindi, a mixture of Persian and tribal languages. Urdu was spoke by Mughal armies(blend of Persian, Arabic, and Hindi. This language is spoken in Pakistan. Miniatures are small highly detailed colorful paintings
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Who was Tulsi Das?
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He was a Mughal poet who retold the story for Rama and Sita
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What was the architecture during Akbar's period like?
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Massive, graceful structures decorated with intricate stonework that depicted Hindu themes
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When did Akbar die? Who took over? Who was his wife?(and the real ruler of India)
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Akbar died in 1605. His son, Jahangir, took over after his death. His wife was a Persian princess named Nur Jahan
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When did Nur Jahan and Jahangir rule India? Who did Nur Jahan place as the prime minister of the Mughal court?
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1611-1622. She placed her father as the prime minister of the Mughal court
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What were the causes of division under Jahangir's rule?
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His wife ousted his son Khusrau and replaced him with another son Shah Jahan. After this Khusrau became a Sikh because his father only promoted Islam in his country. THe Sikhs will become the target of Mughal hatred
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Who was Jahangir's son? Who did he marry? How did he protect his position?
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Jahangir's son was Shah Jahan. He married Mumtaz Mahal. He protected his position by assassinating all rivals
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When and how did Mumtaz Mahal(Shah Jahan's wife) die? What did Shah Jahan do for her as a result?
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She died in 1631 after giving birth to her 14th child. Shah Jahan had the Taj Mahal made as her tomb
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In order to make the Taj Mahal what did Shah Jahan do?
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He began to impose taxes on his people while they suffered from poverty.
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Who was Shah Jahan's third son? When did he rule? What did he rigidly enforce?
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Shah Jahan's third son was Aurangzeb. He ruled from 1658-1707. He rigidly enforced Islamic law
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How did Aurangzeb make sure people were adhering to Islamic laws? Who did he tax? Who did he dismiss from high positions?
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He appointed officials to make sure people were adhering to Islamic laws. He brought back taxes on non-Muslims and dismissed Hindus from high positions
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Who rebelled as a result of Aurangzeb bringing back taxes on non-Muslims and dismissing Hindus from high positions?
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the Hindu Rajputs rebelled
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Who formed their own state in southwest India? What were they called?
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Hindus called Marathas
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Why was Auranzeb never able to conquer the Marathas?
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because of their guerrilla warfare tactics
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Who began to build a state in northwest India? What was this area called?
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Sikhs began to build a state in Punjab(northewst India)
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To pay for all these conflicts, Auranzeb forced which group of people to pay double their share?
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He forced Hindus to pay double their share
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As Aurangzeb's power declined, whose power grew?
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Local lords grew in power
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What kind of rulers came after Aurangzeb? What happened as a result?
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weak and would lead to the downfall of the empire
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What were Sikhs? What religions did its doctrine blend?
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Sikhs were a nonviolent religious group whose doctrines blended Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sufism(Islamic mysticism)
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What was the order of the Safavid rulers?
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1. Isma'il
2. Shah Abbas, or Abbas the Great - golden age 3. Safi 4. Nadir Shah Afshar - Last ruler |
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Name the order of the Mughal rulers and what age they were and their relationship to each other
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1. Babur - 11
Akbar was Babur's grandson 2. Akbar - N/A Jahangir was Akbar's son 3. Jahangir/Nur Jahan(Nur Jahan was Jahangir's wife she was the real ruler of India) Shah Jahan is the son of Jahangir 4. Shah Jahan Aurangzeb is Shah Jahan's 3rd son 5. Aurangzeb |
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Name the order of the Mughal rulers and what age they were and their relationship to each other
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1. Babur - 11
Akbar was Babur's grandson 2. Akbar - N/A Jahangir was Akbar's son 3. Jahangir/Nur Jahan(Nur Jahan was Jahangir's wife she was the real ruler of India) Shah Jahan is the son of Jahangir 4. Shah Jahan Aurangzeb is Shah Jahan's 3rd son 5. Aurangzeb |
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Name the order of the Mughal rulers and what age they were and their relationship to each other
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1. Babur - 11
Akbar was Babur's grandson 2. Akbar - N/A Jahangir was Akbar's son 3. Jahangir/Nur Jahan(Nur Jahan was Jahangir's wife she was the real ruler of India) Shah Jahan is the son of Jahangir 4. Shah Jahan Aurangzeb is Shah Jahan's 3rd son 5. Aurangzeb |
