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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In the modern day low countries, who is to the north?
to the south? |
netherlands to the north
belgium to the south |
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Did the north or south low countries rebel?
what did they call themselves? |
the north
the dutch |
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Why did the dutch rebel against spain?
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They had different cultures, customs, and religion
They didn't like philip 2 |
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Who did the netherlands belong to before Spain?
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Holy roman Empire
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Who gave the netherlands to philip 2?
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Charles 5
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What fraction of the dutch were calvinists before they revolted?
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1/3
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In 1559, Philip 2 sent his sister Maragaret to do what?
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Raise taxes in the netherlands and get rid of protestantism
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How did the Dutch react to Margaret?
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They formed the Sea beggars
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What did the sea beggars do?
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They destroyed catholic churches in the Netherlands
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HOw did philip 2 respond to the Sea beggars?
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He sent the Duke of alva with 20,000 soldiers to kill protestants
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On one day in 1568 the duke of alva executed how many people?
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1500
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Who led the dutch rebellion?
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Prince William of Orange
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What was the nickname for Prince William?
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Prince William the Silent
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What religion was Prince William?
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He was born a Lutheran but raised a Catholic?
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What were Prince Williams motives?
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His motives were political not religious
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At the beginning of the Dutch rebellion, who was winning?
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The Spanish were winning battle after battle
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In reaction to their losses, what did the dutch rebels do?
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They opened the floodgates at Alkmaar
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Why were the Low Countries the Low Countries?
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Most of the land was below sea level
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How many times did the Dutch open the floodgates?
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The dutch opened the floodgates at Alkmaar several times.
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What was the downside of the opening of the floodgates?
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It destroyed the countryside.
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When did the Dutch gain control of the Netherlands?
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1579
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When did the Dutch declare independence?
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1581
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How many provinces did the Netherlands have?
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Seven
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Which Dutch province led the others?
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Holland
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What was the new name for the Netherlands?
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The United Provinces of the Netherlands
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What happened to the southern Netherlands?
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They remained under Spanish control
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What language did the south-Netherlands most resemble?
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It most resembled French
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How did Prince William die?
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He was killed by a fanatic in 1584
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How do modern Dutch honor Prince William?
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They call him the "father of his country"
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After the Netherlands gained independence, what slowly grew more prominent?
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Religious toleration
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Who found a haven in the religious tolerant Netherlands?
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The Jews
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Who came to live in the Netherlands other than the Jews?
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Scholars who wanted to publish their books
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How was the Netherlands different from other European countries?
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They were a republic, not a kingdom
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What was the governor of a province called?
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A stadtholder
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Each province sent delegations to what legislative body?
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The States General
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What did the delegates from the States General want to be called?
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Their High Mightinesses
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What economic system did the Dutch start?
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Capitalism
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Where did capitalists invest their money?
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Business ventures
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What was the goal of a capitalist?
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To make a profit
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What did capitalists do with their new profit?
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They invested it again
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What did capitalists risk?
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They risked losing all of their money
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Where did the Dutch merchants buy grain?
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Poland
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When did the Dutch sell their grain?
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They sold it when southern Europe had poor harvests
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What food did the Dutch merchants sell?
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They sold pickled and smoked herring
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What was good about smoked and pickled herring?
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It was salty and it could last a long time, even on long trips to America
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What did the Dutch well to West Europe?
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Scandinavian lumber
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What four countries bought the Scandinavian lumber?
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Spain, France, Italy, and England
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How many ships did the Dutch have?
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10,000 ships
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Who had the biggest fleet of ships in the 1600's?
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The dutch
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Which trade routes became as important as Mediterranean routes?
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Atlantic Ocean trade routes
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Who did the Dutch replace as the bankers of Europe?
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The Italians
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What did the Dutch found in 1609?
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The Amsterdam Exchange Bank
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What was good about the Amsterdam Exchange Bank?
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It became known as the safest, soundest bank in Europe
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Who used the Amsterdam Exchange Bank?
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Princes and merchants all over Europe
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How many wealthy Dutchmen pooled their money in 1602?
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17 merchants
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What did Dutch merchants do with their pooled money?
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They started the Dutch East Indies Company
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What did the Dutch East Indies Company do?
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In 20 years, they displaced the Portugeuse in the East Indies, Ceylon, and the Cape of Good Hope
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What could the D.E.I.C. do with their capital?
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Outfit an armada far superior to the Portuguese
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What would the Dutch capitalist economy later be called?
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The Commercial Revolution
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Who was the greatest Dutch artist?
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Rembrandt van Rijn
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Which Dutch artist lived from 1606-1669?
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Rembrandt van Rijn
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What were Rembrandt's paintings like?
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They captured moments of drama
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What was Rembrandt's most famous painting?
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The Night Watch
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What skill did The Night Watch show mastery of?
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Light and shadow
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What Dutch artist lived from 1580-1666?
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Franz Hals
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How did Franz Hals compare to Rembrandt?
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His works were brighter than Rembrandts
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Which Dutch artist libed from 1632-1675?
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Jan Vermeer
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What did Vermeer like to paint?
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He liked to paint people doing everyday things
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How did Henry 2 die in 1559?
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He was injured in a jousting tournament, and died
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What family did Henry 2 belong to?
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The Valois dynasty
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What were Henry 2 sons like?
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All four of them were incompetent
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Who ruled through the sons of Henry 2?
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Their mother Catherine de Medici ruled
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When Catherine de Medici was queen, one fifth of france's population was what religion?
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Calvinist
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What are the two French families that fought alot?
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The Bourbons and the Guise
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What religion was the Bourbon family?
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Protestant
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What religion was the Guise family?
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Catholic
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Where did St. Bartholomew's Day take place?
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Paris
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What happened on St. Bartholomew's Day in 1572?
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The Catholics murdered all Protestants they could find
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How many Protestants were killed after St. Bartholomew's Day?
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12,000
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How long did the massacres last after St. Bartholomew's Day?
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A month, and it spread to other cities
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Who initiated St. Bartholomew's Day?
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Catherine de Medici
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Why did Catherine de Medici want to kill Admiral de Coligny?
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He was to close to king Charles 9
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Were Catherine de Medici's motives religious or political?
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Political
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How did Charles 9 react to Catherine's proposal about Admiral de Coligny
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He said that he would only go through with it if she killed other Protestants
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Why did Charles 9 want to kill all Protestants?
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He feared retribution if Admiral de Coligny was killed
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How did Charles 9 die in 1574?
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He died of tuberculosis
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Who ruled after Charles 9?
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Henry 3
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Which king did nor really rule when he was king of France?
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Henry 3 because of civil wars
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What did french nobles do to undermine King Henry 3?
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They became Protestants because he was Catholic
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Who supported French catholicism?
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Philip 2 of Spain
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Who did Philip 2 send to Paris?
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Spanish armies
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What did the Duke of Guise do?
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He thought he was going to take Paris
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How did Charles 9 die in 1574?
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He died of tuberculosis
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Who ruled after Charles 9?
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Henry 3
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Which king did nor really rule when he was king of France?
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Henry 3 because of civil wars
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What did french nobles do to undermine King Henry 3?
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They became Protestants because he was Catholic
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Who supported French catholicism?
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Philip 2 of Spain
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Who did Philip 2 send to Paris?
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Spanish armies
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What did the Duke of Guise do?
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He thought he was going to take Paris
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How did France react to the Duke of Guise?
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They were mad because Spain was their enemy, and it was handpicking their king?
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What is the definition of politiques?
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French leaders who thought that nationalism was more important than religion. They wanted peace and a king that could stop the wars
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Who was the next French king after Henry 3?
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Prince Henry 4 of Navarre
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What house was Henry 4 in?
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The house of Bourbon
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Who was the first Bourbon king of France?
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Henry 4`
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What did Henry 4 personally do to help france?
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He became a catholic
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What law did Henry 4 make?
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He proclaimed that Protestants could have a church in every city except paris
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What is the name of the law saying every city in France can have a Protestant church?
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Edict of Nantes
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Who helped Henry 4 regain a strong position?
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The finance minister, the duke of Sully
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How did henry 4 die?
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A fanatic stabbed him in 1610
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Who was the second Bourbon monarch of France?
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Louis 9
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What were the two goals of Cardinal Richelieu?
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Increasing the power of Bourbon monarchy
Making France the most powerful state in Europe |
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What three dangers did Richelieu see?
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Independent Protestant cities
Power of French nobles Encircling armies of the Hapsburgs |
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What did Richelieu see wrong with the Protestant cities?
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They were able to have walls
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What did Richelieu do to French nobles?
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He took away their walls and castles
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What did Richelieu do to undermine French nobles?
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He allowed middle class people to collect taxes and administer justice called intendants
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What were the middle class servant of Richelieu called?
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Intendants
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What did most French thinkers have in common?
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They question authority
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Who was Rabelais?
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A monk who ran from the monastery to pursue medicine
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What did Rabelais laugh at?
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Human Folly
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What did Rabelais write?
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two satires on European society, Pantagruel and Gargantua
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Who didn't want to restrict human spirit?
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French monk Rabelais
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What did montaigne create?
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The essay
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What is the definition of essay?
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A short written work on a single topic which usually expresses personal views
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What did Descartes study?
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philosophy, math, optics, astronomy, psychology
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Who started analytical geometry?
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Descartes
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Who founded modern philosphy?
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Descartes
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What book did Descartes write?
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Discourse on Method
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Descartes believed what about faith?
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Nothing should be accepted on faith
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What is Descartes most famous quote?
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I think, therefore I am
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Who was Ferdinand 2?
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He was the King of Bohemia
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What religion was Ferdinand 2?
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Catholic
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Who was the Holy Roman Emperor in 1619?
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Ferdinand 2
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Why did the Czechs Protestants rebel in Prague?
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Ferdiand was a German-speaking Austrian, Catholic, and a Hapsburg
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What groups did Ferdinand enrage?
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Protestants
French Bourbons Czechs |
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What can the Thirty Year's War be split into?
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Hapsburg Triumphs
Hapsburg Defeats |
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From 1618 to 1630 what happened in the 30 Thirty Years War?
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Hapsburgs was dominating the Protestants and Czechs
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In 1625, who joined the Protestants side in the 30yrs war?
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The King of Denmark
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In 1625, who joined the Catholics side in teh 30yrs war?
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Albrecht von Wallenstein
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Who raised an army of 125,000 men for the catholics in the 30yrs war?
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Wallenstein
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What caused the tide shift in the 30yrs war?
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The Protestants found a new leader in Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus
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What did Gustavus Adolphus do in the 30 yrs war?
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He landed on north coast of Germany in 1630 with 13,000 disciplined men
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What happened from 1630 to 1632 in the 30yrs war?
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Adolphus drove Hapsburgs out of North Germany
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What happened in 1632 to the two leaders in the 30yrs war?
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Adolphus fell in battle
Wallenstein was murdered by his men |
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Who took over for the Protestants after Adolphus fell?
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Richelieu
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What did the 30 years war do to Germany?
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Population fell from 20 million to 13.5 million
Plague and starvation spread Countryside was ruined Economy was ruined |
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What ended the 30yrs war?
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The Treaty of Westphalia
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Who signed the Treaty of Westphalia?
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Ferdinand 2's son-holy roman Emperor
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What did France get from the 30yrs war?
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Alsace, fertile land on the Rhine
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What caused the tide shift in the 30yrs war?
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The Protestants found a new leader in Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus
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What did Gustavus Adolphus do in the 30 yrs war?
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He landed on north coast of Germany in 1630 with 13,000 disciplined men
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What happened from 1630 to 1632 in the 30yrs war?
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Adolphus drove Hapsburgs out of North Germany
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What happened in 1632 to the two leaders in the 30yrs war?
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Adolphus fell in battle
Wallenstein was murdered by his men |
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Who took over for the Protestants after Adolphus fell?
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Richelieu
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What did the 30 years war do to Germany?
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Population fell from 20 million to 13.5 million
Plague and starvation spread Countryside was ruined Economy was ruined |
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What ended the 30yrs war?
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The Treaty of Westphalia
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Who signed the Treaty of Westphalia?
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Ferdinand 2's son-holy roman Emperor
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What did France get from the 30yrs war?
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Alsace, fertile land on the Rhine
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What did the Dutch get from the 30yrs war?
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Recognized as independent
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What did Sweden get from the 30yrs war?
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Land in North Germany on the Baltic and North Seas
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What did German Princes get from the 30yrs war?
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They were independent from the HRE (holy roman empire)
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What did Germany get from the 30yrs war?
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Each state could do war with out imperial approval
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What did Calvinists get from the 30yrs war?
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Equal privileges with other religions
Calvinist German leaders could make their state calvinist |
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Who lost power after 30yrs war?
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Austria and Spain
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Who was the strongest European state after the 30 yrs war?
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France
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What happened to Germany after 30yrs war?
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They were united only in name
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What happened when Ferd. 2 tried to put down revolt with an army?
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Protsnt. German Princes stuck together to take him down
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