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191 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Where is Tenochtitlan?
Valley of Mexico
Who was the Aztec leader?
Montezuma
Where did Cortes arrive when he got to the Americas?
Tenochtitlan
Who did Montezuma think Cortez was?
Their god, Quetzalcoatl
What was Montezuma's first reaction to Cortes?
He gave him gifts
What made Cortes want to stay in Mexico?
He saw how much gold the Aztecs have
What action did Cortes take to make sure his men didn't leave?
He sunk all their ships
What advantages did Cortez have over the Aztecs?
They had horses, steel swords and armor, and light artillery and crossbows
What was Cortez' number one advantage over the Aztecs?
He had Dona Marina, a translator who spoke Spanish and several native languages
What important piece of information did Dona Marina tell Cortez?
Other native tribes hated the Aztecs
What did native tribes show Cortez?
The terrain of the land
Who were allies with Cortez?
Native tribes
What happened in November 1519?
Montezuma invited Cortez into Tenochtitlan
After gaining access to Tenochtitlan, what did Cortez do?
He made Montezuma a prisoner
What incited an Aztec riot?
A Spanish soldier interrupted a religious ceremony
How did Cortez try to stop the Aztec riot?
He made Montezuma try to calm them down
How did the Aztec's respond to Montezuma trying to stop their riot?
They thought he was a puppet for Cortez and threw rocks at him
How do the Spanish believe Montezuma was killed?
The rioting Aztecs threw rocks at him
How did the Cortez and Dona Marina escape from Tenochtitlan?
The Aztecs had an outbreak of smallpox which slowed them down
When Cortez returned to Tenochtitlan, what did he do?
He took the city with a siege
How long did Tenochtitlan hold out against Cortez' siege?
85 days
When did Pizarro arrive in Peru?
1531
How many men did Pizarro have with him?
200
How did Pizarro take Atahualpa prisoner?
He set up a meeting and ambushed his unarmed guards
What did Atahualpa offer as ransom?
A room full of gold
and a room full of treasures
Did Pizarro accept Atahualpa's ransom?
No, he melted the gold into bricks and then killed Atahualpa
How did Pizarro kill Atahualpa
He strangled him
How did Pizarro die in 1541?
One of his men murdered him
Who was the governor of Puerto Rico?
Juan Ponce de Leon
What myth did Ponce de Leon believe?
The Fountain of Youth
Who was the first European explorer to go to the U.S.?
Ponce de Leon
Did Ponce de Leon find the Fountain of Youth?
No
Where did Ponce de Leon land?
St. Augustine Florida
Where did de Vaca and Estevanico land in 1528?
Tampa Bay
Who went to an island near Galveston, Texas?
de Vaca and Estevanico
What happened to de Vaca and Estevanico when they were in Galveston?
They were enslaved by Native Americans
Did de Vaca and Estevanico escape?
Yes
Who did de Soto hear stories about American riches from?
de Vaca and Estevanico
Where did de Soto explore?
The southeast to the Mississippi
How did de Soto treat Native Americans?
He stole from them and enslaved them
Did de Soto find the gold he was looking for?
No, he just learned U.S. geogprahy
How many men did Coronado have in 1540?
300
Who went to Zuni, Mexico?
Coronado
What did Coronado find in Zuni?
Adobe houses
Where did Coronado end up?
The plains of Kansas
Who founded a city in Santiago, Chile in 1541?
Valdivia and Suarez
In 1550, where did Spains led strectch to?
It spread from Kansas to Chile
How did Spain rule its American territory?
They set up royal agents called viceroy
Who could not become a viceroy?
Anyone born in America because they might feel attached to the land
Where did the North American viceroy rule from?
Mexico City
Where did the South American viceroy rule from?
Peru
Who granted incomienda?
The Council of Indies
What did encomienda do?
Made Spaniards masters of native Americans near them
Where did many native Americans work during encomienda?
Silver mines
Who gave Philip 2 his empire?
His father, Charles 5
What did Philip 2 have control of?
Spain, Milan, Naples, Franche Compte, Netherlands and Portugal
What colonies did Philip 2 control?
East Indies, Africa, India, and Americas
What was the Escorial?
The palace of Philip 2
What did the Escorial double as?
A monastery
Who were the main enemies of Philip 2?
The ottomans and Protestants
What did the Pope do in 1571?
He told all Catholics to fight the Ottomans
What forces fought in the Battle of Lepanto?
Spanish and Venetians vs. Ottomans
Where was the Battle of Lepanto?
The greek seaport of Lepanto
Who won the Battle of Lepanto?
Spanish and Venetians
Where did Philip 2 want to get rid of Protestants?
Spain, and then the world
Who were the biggest Protestant foes for Philip 2?
Netherlands and England
Who was Philip 2 married to?
Mary, the sister of Queen Elizabeth
When Philip 2s wife Mary died, who did he propose to?
Elizabeth 1 of England
Why did Philip 2 want to marry Elizabeth?
He wanted to rule England as a Catholic nation
How did Elizabeth respond to Philip 2's proposal?
She said no, and helped the Dutch rebels
What did Elizabeth tell her ships to do?
Raid Spanish ships
When did Spain's Golden Age occur?
When Philip 2 ruled
What did El Greco paint?
Catholic saints and martyrs
Where was El Greco from?
Greece
What did Velazquez paint?
Spanish monarchs
What did Cervantes write?
Don- Quixote-satire of chivalry
What was Cervante's job?
Tax collector
Why did Cervantes go to jail?
debt
Where did Cervantes fight?
Battle of Lepanto
Who followed Philip 2?
Weaker kings
Why was the Spanish economy in bad shape in 1650?
The king had foreign debt
Inflation of gold and silver
Spain imported more than they exported
Who, instead of sailing east to look for the indies, sailed west?
Columbus
Exactly when did Columbus crew see land first?
Early hours, October 12, 1492
Which boat in Columbus' crew saw the land and what did they yell?
The pinta
Someone yelled Tierra Tierra (land)
What did Columbus call the natives?
Los indios
What did Columbus trade the Taino?
Glass beads, red caps, small trinkets
What did the Taino give Columbus?
javelins, parrots, cotton thread
Where did Columbus really land?
An island in the Bahamas in the Carribean
What was the name of the natives Columbus first found?
The Taino
What did Columbus name the island of the Taino?
San Salvador or "holy savior"
What did Columbus say about passing islands?
He didn't want to pass an island without taking possession of it
How many trips did Spain finance for Columbus?
4 total
After his first exploration, Columbus transformed from a _______ to a ________.
Explorer to Empire builder
What did Spain want to do with the islands they conquered?
Make them colonies
Where did Cabral land in 1500?
Brazil
What nationality was Cabral?
Portuguese
What nationality was Vespucci?
Italian in service of Portugal
What nationality was Magellan?
Portuguese in service of Spain
What nationality was Balboa?
Spanish
Where did Vespucci sail?
East Coast of South America
What did Vespucci claim?
The new land was not asia but a "new world"
Who named America?
A german mapmaker in honor of Amerigo Vespucci
Where did Balboa sail?
Panama
Who was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean?
Balboa
How many men and ships did Magellan have?
230 men and 5 ships
Where did Magellan sail?
Around South America and into the Pacific
What two islands did Magellan find?
Guam and the Philippines
How was Magellan killed?
He was involved in a civil war in the Philipines
How much of Magellans crew sailed around the world?
18 men and 1 ship
What could hardly be found in Brazil?
Gold and silver
What did the Portugeuse build in Brazil?
Large sugar plantations
What helped the portugeuse economy?
The sugar from Brazil
Which group of people did not like the European treatment of native Americans?
Priests
When was encomienda abolished?
1542
What kind of monk was Las Casas?
dominican
Who did Las Casas suggest as slaves?
Africans because they were four times as strong
Las Casas later ________ all slavery.
denounced
Natives on the island of _______ reacted how to Columbus' attempt to conquer them?
St. Croix
They used poison arrows
In the 1680's, which area of native Americans rebelled against the Spanish?
New mexico
When trying to convert natives to Christianity, what did Spanish resort to?
burning sacred objects, and outlawed rituals
Which Pueblo ruler rebelled?
Pope
How many did pope of the pueblo have?
17,000
How long were the pueblo able to keep the Spanish out of their land?
12 years
Spain's successful colonization in the Americas did not go unnoticed. Who soon became interested in obtaining their own colonies in the Americas?
European nations
_______ showed that ships could reach Asia by way of the ___________. ___________ claimed the route around the southern tip of South America.
Magellan
Pacific Ocean
Spain
Not finding the route, __, _____, and __ instead established colonies in North America.
French, English, and Dutch
Verrazzano was what nationality in service of who
Italien
France
In 1524, Verrazano sailed to North America. Why?
In search of a possible sea route to the Pacific.
What did Verrazzano discover?
New York Harbor.
Cartier reached a gulf where? Where did it lead?
off the eastern coast of Canada that led to a broad river
What did Cartier name the river?
St. Lawrence
Cartier followed the river inland and reached? What is it known as today?
Mount Royal
Montreal
IN 1608, french explorer_____ sailed up the St. Lawrence. What did he claim?
Champlain
Quebec
What became known as New France?
the base of France's colonial empire in North America
In 1673, Louis Joilet a _______ and Jacques Marquette a __________ explored ____________ and ___________.
Trader
Priest
Great Lakes
upper Mississippi
Who explored the lower Mississippi?
Sieur de La Salle
What did La Salle name the river vally he found?
Louisana in honor of the French king, Louis XIV
What were extinct in Europe but plentiful in America?
Beavers
What did beavers lead to?
a thriving trade in furs
Unlike the English, the French were?
less interested in occupying territories than they were in making money off the land
in 1606, who obtained what from King James to found a colony in North America?
a company of London investors
charter
What did they name their settlement?
JAMES-town
Why were the colonies disatrous at first?
The men that came over were second sons. They would not get their family's inheiritance. These people came from a family with money. They refused to work, so many died.
What was JAMES-town?
England's first permanent settlement in North America.
What happened after they discovered tobacco?
the colony's outlook improved greatly
In 1620, who founded a seconded colony where?
Pilgrims
Plymouth, Massachusetts
What were the Pilgrims persecuted for?
Religious beliefs in England, these colonists sought religious freedom.
Who came after the Pilgrims? Why?
Puritans also sought religious freedom from England's Anglican Church
What did the Puritans want to build?
a model community that would set an example for other Christians to follow
in 1609, who was searching for a northwest sea route to Asia?
Henry Hudson
Where did Hudson explore? What were they named?
Three waterways near present-day New York.
Hudson Bay, Strait, and River
Who claimed the region along the three waterways Hudson found? What did they do?
Dutch
Established a fur trade with the Iroquis Indians
The Dutch also built trading posts along the Hudson River at _________ on__________ at the __________.
Fort Orange (Albany)
Manhattan Island
mouth of the river
What did Dutch merchants form?
The Dutch West India Company
What did Dutch holdings in North America become known as?
New Netherlands
The French seized control of several Caribbean islands, including?
Haiti, Guadeloupe, and Martinique
Where did the English settle on the islands?
Jamaica and Barbados
What did the Dutch capture?
Antilles and Aruba from Spain
What did the Europeans build on the Carribean islands?
huge tobacco and sugar plantations
What had New Netherlands become to the English in America?
a dutch wedge separating its northern and southern colonies
In 1664, the English King __________ granted his brother ________ permission to do what?
Charles II
Duke of York
to drive out the Dutch
When the Duke's fleet arrived at New Netherland, what did the Dutch do?
Surrendered without firing a shot
What did the Duke of York claim?
the colony for England and named it New York
With the Dutch gone, what did the English do?
continued to colonize the Atlantic coast of North America
By 1750, how many English settlers lived in how many colonies stretching from where to where?
1.3 million
13 colonies
New Hampshire to Georgia
The British and the French had a dispute over land claims where? Which led to what? On what continent?
Ohio River Valley
A war
North America
What was the war between French and Indian War?
Fought between Britain and French which became a part of a larger conflict known as the SEven Years' War
What did they also battle for?
Terriotorial and colonial supremacy in Europe and WEst Indies
In North America the british colonists with the help of who defeated what?
British Army defeated the French in 1763
What did the British seize?
control of nearly the entire eastern half of North America
The French and Dutch developed what?
Cooperative relationship with the Native Americans. This was mainly due to the mutual benefits of the fur trade
Unlike who, the English sought to populate their colonies where? What did this mean?
French and Dutch.
North America
pushing natives off their land
What did Puritans consider Native Americans?
heathens, people without a faith
What did the English settlers and Native Americans lead to?
warfare.
What happened in 1622 between the Native Americans and English?
Powhatan tribe attacked colonial villiages around J-town and killed 350 settlers.
When did King Philips war start and what was it?
Began in 1675 when the Native American Ruler Metacom, aka King Philip, led an attack on 52 colonial villiages throughout Massachusetts.
Just as it had happened _______ and _______, disease devastated the native population in North America.
Mexico and Peru
The population of the Massachusett dropped from _____ to _______ by 1631.
24,000 to 750
In order to meet their labor needs, European colonists from where to where soon turned to what group?
South America to North America
Africans
What were the consequences of slave trade in Africa?
1. Many African cultures lost their fittest youth to the slave owners from Europe
2. Many families were torn apart and never reunited
3. War and conflict spread throughout Africa. Europeans traded guns, firearms, and other weapons to Africa. Africans used these as keys to conquer more land
What were benefits of slave trade in America
1. the slaves tremendous load of work for plantation owners led to success of many European colonies such as Haiti and Barbados
2. Europeans were enlightened by Africans slaves on the topic of agriculture.
3.
What is the definiton of the Atlantic slave trade.
Atlantic slave trade was tthe buying of African slaves over the Atlantic Ocean. It started in 1511 when they Spanish bought some African and made them work as copper miners ion Hispaniola
What is the definition of the triangular trade
Triangular trade was the transatlantic network of trading. This involved slaves, rum, sugar, coffee, tobacco, furs, fruit and tar
What is the definition of the middle passage
was the votage made by Europeans navigators when they were taking African slaves to the New World to be sold
Explain the treatment of slaves in Muslim lands
based on nationality, prisoners of war, and religion. Slavery was not Hereditary. Had more freedom. could be generals of armies, owner of property and other slaves and the opportunity to be free, if they married a non-slave they were immdietly freed.
Explain the treatment of slaves in American lands
based on race. were believed to be inferior. slavery was hereditary. given less freedom, could only become free if someone bought them, didn't have the opportunity to own slaves, or become high ranked.
what was the Columbian Exchange
transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the New World
what was the Commercial Revolution
new wealth coupled with more oversea trades and new trade and business practices
What was Capitalism
it is the economic system based on private ownership
what was mercantilism
the countries power was based on their wealth
What is the Favorable balance of trade
more goods are bought than are sold