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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the relevance of each of the following to the French Revolution?
- National Convention - The death of Louis XVI - Jacobins - The Reign of Terror - Robespierre - The Directory - Napoleon |
- The national convention:
- they passed democratic reforms: they voted a constitution, and introduced the metric system. - the death of Louis XVI: established the French republican government - Jacobins: helped to make the revolution more radical and open to extreme violent changes - The Reign of Terror: reaction against Jacobin ideas began, wealthier middle-class took control of the convention - Robespierre: the Jacobins lost power because of him; his death officially ended the reign of terror. - the directory: did little to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor, appeared dysfunctional, citizens looked to the army to save France Napoleon: forced Austria to sign a peace treaty giving France control most of Northern Italy, he seized power from the Directory |
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What was the political significance of the sans-cullote's dress?
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it was to be a symbol of the common man
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What were the conditions in France that made Napoleon's rise to power possible?
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food shortages, rising prices, gap between rich and poor, gov't financial problems, scandals in the directory
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What did Napoleon establish after overthrowing the Directory?
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the constitution, which set up a dictatorship; the executive branch was composed of a committee of three members
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What did Napoleon do to bring order to the country?
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- he replaced elected officials with men he appointed,
- placed education under the control of the National gov't, - created the Bank of France(all citizens had to pay taxes), - he declared himself Consul for life, - He rewrote French law to follow the principles of natural law(Napoleonic Code)-this made French law clear(curtailed freedom of speech and press) |
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What did Napoleon do to make peace with the Catholic Church? Why were they angry?
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he made peace by issuing the Concordat of 1801; this acknowledged that Catholicism was the dominant religion in France(affirmed religious toleration for all) and state agreed to pay salaries of Catholic clergy. They were angry because of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
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Who won the Battle of Trafalgar? Who was fighting? what happened as a result?
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the British defeated Napoleon's Navy in Oct. 1805; France was no longer a threat to England.
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How did Napoleon try to use economic warfare against the British? Why?
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He made the continental system; this ordered all European nations he had conquered to stop trade with the British; it forbade British imports entry to the European ports he controlled.
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How did the British respond to the Continental system set up by Napoleon?
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they stated that any ship on its way to a European port had to stop first at a British port(this conflict put the U.S. and other neutral countries in a difficult position).
The superior British navy controlled the seas and Napoleon's Continental System failed. |
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By 1812 Napoleon controlled most of Europe. What was he king of? What were his brothers, Joseph and Louis kings of?
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Napoleon became king of Italy, his brother Joseph became king of Naples and Spain, and his brother Louis became king of Holland.
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What did Napoleon's rule propt a sense of throughout Europe? What happened?
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His rule prompted a sense of nationalism throughout Europe and many citizens of the countires he conquered began to revolt. In 1812, Spain returned its rightful king to the throne with the help of the English. Prussia also revolted
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What signaled the end of Napoleon's empire?
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when Russia joined the movement against Napoleon.
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When Czar Alexander I withdrew from the Continental System, what did Napoleon do? What happened?
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he invaded Russia; the French were not able to fight effectively and returned to France; the Russians burned everything, and the French had no shelter
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What happened after the French were defeated in Russia?
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all of the European countries controlled by Napoleon revolted.
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Who was restored to the throne after Napoleon was exiled?
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The brother of Louis XVI, Louis XVIII
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Where was Napoleon exiled to?(the first time)
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Elba
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When did Napoleon return to France? How long did he rule?
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returned on March 1, 1815; ruled for a hundred days
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Napoleon declared France wanted more territory; who met Napoleon at Waterloo as a result?
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Prussia, Great Britain, and the Netherlands feared Napoleon's rise to power
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What happed at the battle of Waterloo?
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Napoleon was defeated
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Where was Napoleon sent(the second time?) how did he die?
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Island of St. Helena; died of stomach cancer
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Who was Olympe de Gouges? What did she write?
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she produced over 30 political pamplets during the French Revolution. She was a playwright, political activist, and a woman rights activist. her most famous work was "The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Citizen" it stated that woman were equal to men in every respect and were entitled to the same rights as men
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Who was Charlotte Corday? What did she do?
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she assassinated Jacobin leader Jean-Paul Marat, who was responsible for the Reign of Terror. She was guillotined. Before she murdered Marat, she wrote a long text titled "the French who are Friends of Law and peace," which explained why she was about to murder Marat
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Who was Jean-Paul Marat?
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He was murdered by Charlotte Corday. He was a Jacobin leader who was responsible for the Reign of Terror. His articles helped to instigate the August 1792 uprising and the September massacres
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What is a coup?
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A quick seizure of power; usually carried out by a military leader
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What is a plebiscite?
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an election in which all citizens vote yes or no on an issue
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what is a concordat?
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an agreement
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Who is Napoleon Bonaparte?
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He was a military genius and emperor of France. He was from Corsica and went to the French military academy
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What did the Napoleonic Code do?
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it gave the country a single set of laws
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What happened at Austerlitz?
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Napoleon won his greatest vicotry here. He defeated the Russians and the Austrians
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Who was Horatio Nelson?
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the commander of the British fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar, his victory stopped Napoleon from invading Great Britain
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What was the significance of the Battle of Trafalgar?
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Made Napoleon give up his plans to invade Great Britain
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How did the National Convention and the Directory both help Napoleon rise to power?
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The National convention told Bonaparte to defend the palace(where they were meeting); and the directory made Napoleon commander of the French army
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How did Napoleon seize power?
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he ordered his troops to occupy one chamber of the national legislature. the chamber turned over the power to three officials known as consuls(Bonaparte was one of the three)
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How did Napoleon expand his power through plebiscite?
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he proposed laws that he knew that people would pass
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What policy did Napoleon adopt toward the emigres?
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he welcomed them as long as they behaved themselves politically
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what actions won Napoleon the support of the bourgeoisie?
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Napoleon promoted officials according to merit, not according to noble family
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What agreement did Napoleon make with the Catholic Church?
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he signed a concordat with Pope Pius VII. He agreed to recognize Catholicism as the faith of the great majority of Frenchmen
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How did the Napoleonic code carry out the ideas of the French Revolution?
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it abolished the three estates of the Old Regime and granted equal rights before the law to people of all classes
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How did the Napoleonic Code limit liberty?
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it took away some rights that women had won during the revolution, Napoleon had more power to censor newspapers, and it restored slavery in the French colonies of the Caribbean
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Who were the major powers that Napoleon defeated or forced into alliance with France?
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Russia, Prussia, and Austria
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Napoleon claimed to be a freely elected leader. What facts support his claim? What facts do not?
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he held a plebiscite where the citizens could vote yes or no; he forced them to vote
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What is a blockade?
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this policy meant that all ports were closed to shipping
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what is a guerrila?
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hit-and-run tactics
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What was the scorched-earth policy?
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destroying all possible provisions that the enemy could get
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what was the continental system?
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Napoleon's policy that meant that all ports on the European continent were closed to British shipping to keep British ships from Europe
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What was the Peninsular War?
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War fought between Spanish peasant guerrillas and the French.
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What was the Grand Alliance?
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Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden joined forces against Napoleon
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What were "the hundred days"?
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napoleon's last bid for power after being exiled to Elba
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What was the battle of Waterloo?
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fought against the British and French, Napoleon lost
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List Napoleon's three misjudgments.
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1. trying to cut off all trade with Britain
2. Planned to make his brother Joseph king of Spain 3. Decided to invade Russia |
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How did Napoleon try to weaken Britain? What were the results?
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by trying to cut off all trade with Britain; Napoleon's blockade was not strong enough. it weakened France's economy
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How did the PEninsular War weaken France?
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300,000 men and money was lost. Nationalism increased
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Describe Napoleon's invasion of Russia.
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Napoleon decided to invade Russia because Czar Alexander I refused to stop selling grain to Britain. In June 1812; Napoleon took his army of more than 400,000 men. the Russians burned grain fields and slaughtered livestock rather than leave them for the French. Napoleon found Moscow in flames when he reached it. On their return journey to France, they were attacked by Russian raiders. When they got back to France of the 400,000; only 10,000 men came back
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How did Napoleon fall from power in 1814?
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his enemies joined forces
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What was the reaction to Napoleon's return in France? In the countries of the grand alliance?
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thousands of French people welcomed Napoleon back; they quickly marshalled their armies(for the battle of Waterloo)
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