Continuing Ch. 8

Front 1

process in whch the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane:

Back 1

endocytosis

Front 2

Oligosaccharides can either be covalently bonded to ____ which make _____, or ____ which are called _____

Back 2

lipids, glycolipids, proteins, glycoproteins

Front 3

if you compare seawater to a very concentrated solution of sugar, what will happen?

Back 3

water will go from seawater to sugar, which is the hypertonic one.

Front 4

why is cell-cell recognition important?

Back 4

important in sorting of the cells into tissues and organs, rejecting foreign cells.

Front 5

one way ATP can power active transport is :

Back 5

by transferring it's last phosphate group directly to the transport protein, which can make the protein change shape so that the solute moves.

Front 6

cellular eating
particle is digested after fusing w/ a lysosome.

Back 6

phagocytosis

Front 7

what is turgid?

Back 7

when in a hypotonic solution, the cell wall the membrane is against the cell wall

Front 8

a cell is able to take up stuff and also exclue other stuff. what is that called?

Back 8

selective permeability

Front 9

to pump a molecules across a membrane against its gradient, the cell must expend its own metabolic energy:

Back 9

active transport (ATP supplies energy)

Front 10

pond water is _____ to a paremecium.

Back 10

hypotonic, so they have a contractile vacuole

Front 11

Sodium-Potassium Pump exchanges _______ for _________

Back 11

sodium for potassium across the plasma membrane of animal cells.

Front 12

THe main electrogenic pump of plants, bacteria and fugi is a :

Back 12

proton pump

Front 13

the control of water balance:

Back 13

osmoregulation

Front 14

the biological membrane is an example of a ______ structure, which are many molecules ordered into a higher level or organization with emergent properties byond those of the individual molecules

Back 14

supramolecular

Front 15

3 Na goes out, and 2 Potassium comes in. when does the ATP get used up?

Back 15

phosphorylation causes the protein to change its conformation, and you have to use ATP after the 3 Na's bond to the protein. the release of phosphate is when the potassium ions to back inside.

Front 16

extracellular substances that bind to the receptors are called:

Back 16

ligands.
has a coated pit w/ a fuzzy layer of protein, and receptors on it, it is very specific

Front 17

some proteins can function as ________ _________ which has a stimulus that causes them to open or close.

Back 17

gated channel, stimulus can either be elctrical or chemical.

Front 18

oligosacchaires act as _____

Back 18

ID tags

Front 19

They cytoplasm of a cell is _______ in charge compared to the extracellular fluid.

Back 19

negative

Front 20

the cell secrets macromoleucles by the fusion of vesicles w/ the plasma membrane, this is called:

Back 20

exocytosis

Front 21

if 2 solutions are isotonic, water moves across a membrane at an ____ rate in both directions

Back 21

equal

Front 22

Molecules that start out on the inside face of the ER end up on the ____ face of the plasma membrane

Back 22

outside

Front 23

the voltage across a membrane is:

Back 23

membrane potential

Front 24

what 2 forces act on an ion and is called the ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT?

Back 24

chemical force (ioin's concentration gradient) and electrical force (effect of voltage on the ion movement)

Front 25

what is plasmolyzed and flaccid:

Back 25

flaccid is in isotonic solution, it is normal,and plasmolyzed is when placed in a hypertonic solution.

Front 26

Membrane carbohydrates are usually branched ______ w/ fewer than 15 sugar units.

Back 26

oligosaccharides

Front 27

The tendency for molecules of any substance to spread out into the available space:

Back 27

diffusion

Front 28

neurons use exocytosis to release __________________

Back 28

chemical signals

Front 29

polar molecules and ions diffuse w/ the help of transport proteins that span the membrane:

Back 29

facilitated diffusion

Front 30

what are some functions of membrane proteins?

Back 30

transporting solutes, pumping substances across a membrane, enzyme, signal transduction (signal causes change in protein that then relays a message to the inside of a cell), intercellular joining, cell-cell recognitions, attachemnt to the cytoskeleton and ECM.

Front 31

Hydrophillic substances like ions and polar molcules avoid contact w/ the lipid bilayer by passing through __________ ________

Back 31

transport proteins

Front 32

A transport protein that generates voltagve across a membrane is called an :

Back 32

electrogenic pump. ex. sodium-potassium pump.

Front 33

how are enzymes and transport proteins alike?

Back 33

can become saturated, it is specific to certain things, can be inhibited. one thing different: proteins speed up physical process, not chemical reactions.

Front 34

the _______ core of the membrane impedes the transport of ions and polar molecules, which are _________

Back 34

hydrophobic, hydrophilic

Front 35

Diffusion is a ______ process because it decreases free energy

Back 35

spontaneous

Front 36

a substance that has been pumped across a membrane then goes back through diffusion and this can perform work. this is called:

Back 36

cotransport.

Front 37

It is not really a difference in total water concentration that causes osmosis, but a difference in the concentration of ___ water molecules that are free to cross the membrane

Back 37

unbound

Front 38

what are the 3 types of endocytosis?

Back 38

phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 39

what things are hard to go through a membrane?

Back 39

large uncharged polar molecules, and ions, even small ones.

Front 40

The selective permeability of a membrane depends on ____ and ________

Back 40

lipid bilayer, and specific transport proteins in the membrane

Front 41

Each dye molcule may roam randomly, but there will be a _________ movement of the dye molcules across the membrane to the side that began as pure water

Back 41

net

Front 42

what things are easy to go through the membrane?

Back 42

hydrophobic things (carbon dioxide and oxygen), and small polar but uncharged, like water and ethanol

Front 43

molecules have intrinsic kinetic energy called:

Back 43

thermal motion (heat)

Front 44

the solution w/ the higher concentration of solutes is said to be:
the solution w/ a lower concentration is:
and solutions of equal solute concentration is:

Back 44

hypertonic
hypotonic
isotonic

Front 45

the diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane whern the cell does not have to expend energy to make it happen

Back 45

passive transport