Continent Of Villages

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Pleistocene

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70,000 to 10,000 years ago the final act in the geological epoch, huge glaciers locked up massive volumes of water, and sea levels were as much as 300 feet lower than they are today.

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Beringia

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a huge subcontinent of ice-free, treeless grassland (750 miles wide from north to south) that joined Asia and North America. It was named after the Bering Straits.

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“Pleistocene Overkill”

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The melting of the Northern Glaciers caused hunters to intensify their efforts.

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Athapascans

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Migrated about 5,000 B.C.E. and was also called the Na-Dene people and began to settle in the forests of the Northwestern area of the continent. Later migrating farther southwest.

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Inuits

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Also known as the Eskimos who migrated around 3,000 B.C.E. and colonized the polar coasts of the Artic.

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Aleuts

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part of the final migration around 3,000 B.C.E. The Aleutian Islands was named after them. Migrated to Alaska.

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Archaic

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corresponding to the late phases of the Stone Age in Eurasia and Africa.

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Maize

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Indian corn mainly from Mexico

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Carrying Capacity

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the term historians use to denote a culture’s ability to use its land to support itself.

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Toltec

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dominated central Mexico from the tenth to the twelfth century.

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Clan

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an important mechanism for binding together the people of several tribes.

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Tribe

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based on ethnic, linguistic, and territorial unity, were led by chiefs from honored clans.

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Chief

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primary goal was the supervision of the economy.

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Council of Elders

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Oversaw the Chiefs of the tribes.

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Visionquest

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At many Inuit groups, the vision quest may be a part of shamanism, more exactly, the learning and initiation process of the apprentice for achieving the ability for shamanizing, mostly under the guidance of an older shaman. The vision quest may be said to make the initiand establish a contact with a spirit or force. Psychologically, it may have effected hallucinations. See a complex emic and etic approach to Eskimo shamanism in. The technique may be similar to sensory deprivation methods. It may include long walking on uninhabited, monotonous areas (tundra, inland, mountain); fasting; sleep deprivation; being closed in a small room (e.g. igloo).

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Shaman

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refers to a range of traditional beliefs and practices concerned with communication with the spirit world. There are many variations in shamanism throughout the world, though there are some beliefs that are shared by all forms of shamanism:
• The spirits can play important roles in human lives.
• The shaman can control and/or cooperate with the spirits for the community's benefit.
• The spirits can be either good or bad.
• Shamans engage various processes and techniques to incite trance; such as: singing, dancing, taking entheogens, meditating and drumming.
• Animals play an important role, acting as omens and message-bearers, as well as representations of animal spirit guides.
• The shaman's spirit leaves the body and enters into the supernatural world during certain tasks.
• The shamans can treat illnesses or sickness.
• Shamans are healers, gurus and magicians.

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Agrarian Tradition

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is a social and political philosophy which stresses the viewpoint that the cultivation of plants, or farming leads to a fuller and happier life.

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Pantheism

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literally means "God is All" and "All is God". It is the view that everything is of an all-encompassing immanent abstract God; or that the Universe, or nature, and God are equivalent. More detailed definitions tend to emphasize the idea that natural law, existence, and the Universe (the sum total of all that is, was, and shall be) is represented in the theological principle of an abstract 'god' rather than a personal, creative deity or deities of any kind. This is the key feature which distinguishes them from panentheists and pandeists. As such, although many religions may claim to hold pantheistic elements, they are more commonly panentheistic or pandeistic in nature.

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Mogollon

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is the name applied to one of the four major prehistoric archaeological culture areas of the American Southwest and Northern Mexico. The American Indian culture known as the Mogollon lived in the southwest from approximately AD 150 until sometime between AD 1300 and AD 1400. The name Mogollon comes from the Mogollon Mountains, which were named after Don Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollón, Spanish Governor of New Mexico from 1712-1715.

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Kiva

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is a room used by modern Puebloans for religious rituals, many of them associated with the kachina belief system. Among the modern Hopi and most other Pueblo peoples, kivas are square-walled and above-ground, and are used for spiritual ceremonies.

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Hohokam

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is the name applied to one of the four major prehistoric archaeological traditions of the American Southwest. Variant spellings in current, official usage include Hobokam, Huhugam and Huhukam. The culture was differentiated from others in the region in the 1930s by archaeologist Harold S. Gladwin, who applied the existing O'odham term, to classify the remains he was excavating in the Lower Gila Valley. According to the U.S. National Park Service Website, Hohokam is an O'odham or Pima word used by archeologists to identify a group of people that lived in the Sonoran Desert.

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SnakeTown

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near Phoenix, Arizona

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Four Corners

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Where the states of Colorado, Utah, Arizona and New Mexico meet.

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Pueblo

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(Spanish pueblo, village), American Indians living in compact, apartment like villages of stone or adobe in northwestern New Mexico and northeastern Arizona. They belong to four distinct linguistic groups, but the cultures of the different villages are closely related.

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Pueblo Bonito

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A thousand years ago, Chaco Canyon sat at the center of a thriving civilization. Ancestors of the Pueblo Indians built monumental “great houses” from the yellow-orange sandstone that permeates the region. The largest of the great houses is Pueblo Bonito. In its prime, this giant building was four stories tall and had more than 600 rooms.

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Athapascans

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lived in the extensive Yukon and Mackenzie River drainages and in the valleys of other streams that drain into the Gulf of Alaska, Pacific and Arctic oceans. The Athapascans farthest west lived near the Eskimos to the north and were influenced by them. Both the Algonquians and Athapascans consisted of small, self-sufficient bands.

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Mesa Verde

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Pueblo Indians farmed the mesa tops in what is now Mesa Verde National Park from A.D. 500 to A.D. 1300. Visitors to the Park may tour early Pithouses and late cliff dwellings for a first hand look at the changes which took place in Puebloan architecture and culture over time. A museum on Chapin Mesa exhibits the ceramics and other objects from the daily life of a people who treasured beauty in everything around them.

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Mortuary Cults

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is made of the Hopewell People in which the dead were honored through ceremony, display, and the construction of enormous and elaborate burial mounds.

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Northern Flint

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is a different variety of maize with large cobs and plentiful kernels that matured in a short enough time to make it suitable for cultivation in temperate northern latitudes.

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Pima

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is a Native North American tribe of S Arizona. They speak the Pima language of the Uto-Aztecan branch of the Aztec-Tanoan linguistic family. There are two divisions, the Lower Pima and the Upper Pima. Before the mission period, the Pima and the Tohono O'Odham, who spoke variations of the same language, called themselves the People—River People (Akimel O'Odham, the Pima) and Desert People (Tohono O'Odham). Archaeological evidence shows their probable ancestors to have been the Hohokam, who built a network of irrigation canals for farming. Many of the ruined pueblos in the Pima territory have been attributed to an ancient Pueblo tribe. Tradition further states that increased population caused the Pima to spread over a larger territory, but invading hostile tribes (probably Apache) forced them to consolidate. Thus in 1697, when visited by Father Eusebio Kino, the Pima were living on the Gila River in S central Arizona. Although the Pima were warlike toward the Apache, they were friendly to the Spanish and lat

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Papago

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the Tohono O'odham is a Native American tribe formerly known as the Papago who reside primarily in the Sonoran Desert of the southwest United States and northwest Mexico. "Tohono O'odham" means "People of the Desert." The people rejected the name "Papago" (literally: "tepary-bean eater"), which they were first labeled by conquistadores who had heard them called this by tribes unfriendly to the Tohono O'odham.

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Yuma

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is a Native American people inhabiting an area along the lower Colorado River, formerly on both banks but now mainly on the California side.

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Rancherias

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are A Mexican herdsman's hut, a village of these huts, a rural Native American settlement.

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Pueblo People

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are a diverse group of Native American inhabitants of New Mexico, Texas and Arizona who traditionally subsisted on agriculture. When first encountered by the Spanish in the 1500s, they were living in villages that the Spanish called pueblos, meaning "towns". Of the approximately 25 pueblos that exist today, Taos, Acoma, Zuñi, and Hopi are the best-known.

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Kachinas

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exist in Hopi and in Pueblo cosmology and religious practices. In Hopi, the word Kachina (Katsina or Qatsina) means literally "life bringer", and can be anything that exists in the natural world or cosmos. A Kachina can be anything from an element, to a quality, to a natural phenomenon, to a concept. There are more than 400 different Kachinas in Hopi and Pueblo culture.

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Fall Line

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marks the area where an upland region (continental bedrock) and a coastal plain (coastal alluvia) meet. Along the eastern coast of the United States, the east-facing escarpment where the Piedmont of the Appalachians descends steeply to the coastal plain forms a fall line over 1500 kilometers long. This long fall line played a major role in settlement patterns along rivers, back into prehistoric times. It is often referred to simply as "the fall line".

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Natchez

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are a Native American people who originally lived in the Natchez Bluffs area, near the present-day city of Natchez, Mississippi. Around 1730, after several wars with the French, the Natchez were defeated and dispersed. Most survivors were either enslaved by the French or given refuge by other tribes such as the Chickasaw, Creek and Cherokee. Today, most Natchez families and communities are found in Oklahoma, mainly within the Cherokee and Creek nations.

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Great Sun

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the Natchez chiefs were called Suns, and the paramount chief was called the Great Sun. When the French arrived the Natchez were ruled by the Great Sun and his brother, the Tattooed Serpent. The Great Sun had supreme authority over civil affairs and the Tattooed Serpent oversaw political issues of war and peace and diplomacy with other nations. Both lived at the Grand Village of the Natchez. Lesser chiefs, mostly from the Sun royal family, presided at other Natchez villages.

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Tribal Confederacies

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Native Americans created larger tribal confederacies as they allied both to participate in European wars and to fight advancing white settlement.

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Iroquois

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any member of the warlike North American Indian peoples formerly living in New York State; the Iroquois League were allies of the British during the French Indian War and the American Revolution 

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Longhouses

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the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee or People of the Longhouses) who lived in New York and Ontario built and lived in longhouses. Longer than they were wide, these longhouses had openings at both ends that served as doors and were covered with animal skins during the winter to keep out the cold. On average a typical longhouse was about 80 feet long by 18 feet wide by 18 feet high (24 x 5.5 x 5.5 m) and was meant to house up to twenty or more families. Poles were set in the ground and supported by horizontal poles along the walls. The roof is made by bending a series of poles, resulting in an arc-shaped roof. The frame is covered by bark that is sewn in place and layered as shingles, and reinforced by light poles.

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Chief Deganawida

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is best known as the great leader who, with Hiawatha, founded the League of the Iroquois. Although the story of Deganawida's life is based primarily on legend, all accounts of the league's formation credit Deganawida for his efforts. In addition to his persuasive vision of unified Iroquois tribes, Deganawida was instrumental in defining and establishing the structure and code of the Iroquois League.
Iroquois Confederacy- (also known as the "League of Peace and Power"; the "Five Nations"; the "Six Nations"; or the "People of the Long house") is a group of First Nations/Native Americans that originally consisted of five nations: the Mohawk, the Oneida, the Onondaga, the Cayuga, and the Seneca. A sixth tribe, the Tuscarora, joined after the original five nations were formed. Although frequently referred to as the Iroquois, the Nations refer to themselves collectively as Haudenosaunee. At the time Europeans first arrived in North America, the Confederacy was based in what is now the northeastern United States an

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Algonquians

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a family of languages spoken now or formerly by American Indians in an area extending from Labrador westward to the Rocky Mountains, west-southwestward through Michigan and Illinois, and southwestward along the Atlantic coast to Cape Hatteras, including esp. Arapaho, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Cree, Fox, Massachusetts, Micmac, Ojibwa(or Ojibways), and Powhatan.