Contemporary Urban Planning

Front 1

Concerns of Planning

Back 1

Older Community
Growing Community
Unemployed Community
Environmental Issues
Regional Planning Organizations

Hint 1

CoP

Front 2

Growing Community

Back 2

-Avoid over-density
-Avoid over-fragmentation
-Convenient street pattern
-Separate incompatible land uses
-Separate bicycle, foot traffic from automobiles
-Location of public facilities

Front 3

Older Community

Back 3

-Preserving or improving current housing stock, housing costs, historic buildings
-implementing street improvements in downtown areas

Front 4

Unemployed Community

Back 4

Creating conditions that encourage existing industry to remain and expand new firms

Front 5

Environmental Issues

Back 5

Minimizing enviornmental damage

Front 6

Regional Planning

Back 6

-Concern with regional road network, land for regional park and open space, sewer and water system.
-Cooridination with municipalites to avoid duplication of capital projects and interference effects

Front 7

Urban Concentration and Density

Back 7

Due to water (ports) and rail systems. People live where the jobs are due to transportation issues

Front 8

Decentralization

Back 8

Due to technology and the auto

Front 9

Central City

Back 9

Place with a population of 50,000 or more

Front 10

Reasons for change in population distribution

Back 10

1. Emergence of the streetcar
2. The rise of incomes

Front 11

Suburbs

Back 11

US Bureau of Census refers to as the "Part Outside"

Front 12

Accelerated Process of Suburbanization reasons

Back 12

1. Improved phone communcations
2. motion pictures
3. Commercial radio
4. Limited access highways

Hint 12

APSr

Front 13

Rush to the Suburbs

Back 13

1. Mortgage financing
2. High employment and incomes
3. Nation had more $$ to spend
4. Auto ownership

Front 14

Regional Trends

Back 14

1. Movement from frostbelt to sunbelt
2. Growth in real per capita income
3. Increase in average lifespan and younger retirement
4. Interstate highway system
5. Development of air conditioning

Front 15

Central City Shrinkage

Back 15

Due to people moving to the suburbs, or cities surrounding the central city.

Hint 15

CCS

Front 16

Cities and the Poor Factors

Back 16

Selective Migration
Suburbanization of Jobs and income
Mechanization of agriculture

Front 17

Selective Migration

Back 17

Residents that move from the city to the suburbs and become owners and not renters

Hint 17

SM

Front 18

Suburbanization of jobs and income

Back 18

Firms followed workers to suburbs, conversely employees followed their firms out of the city

Front 19

Mechanization of Agriculture

Back 19

Increase in farm production with fewer workers

Front 20

Sanitary Reform

Back 20

Reform to improve living conditions, water supply, etc.

Front 21

Urban Open Space

Back 21

Establishment of parks and open areas within cities

Front 22

Housing Reform

Back 22

Establishing the ability for the poor to be able to afford housing

Front 23

Municipal Improvement

Back 23

-Planting trees
-anti-billboard campigns
- paving of streets and sidewalks
-drinking fountains, public bathrooms, park and rec facilities

Hint 23

MI

Front 24

Municipal Art Movement

Back 24

Combining art, architecture, and planning to make the city a place of beauty as well as utilitarianism.
-Focused on points in the city, an arch, a plaza, a traffic circle, a fountain

Hint 24

MAM

Front 25

City Beautiful Movement

Back 25

Ideas of municipal art, civic improvement, and landscape design. Sought to create or remake a part of the city: a civic center, a blvd., a pkwy.

Front 26

Zoning Ordinances

Back 26

Locally used to control congestion in commerical areas and prevent the invasion of residential areas by commercial develop.

Front 27

Standard Enabling Act

Back 27

Encouraged many states to adopt their own enabling acts which authorized local zoning laws

Hint 27

SEA

Front 28

Master Planning

Back 28

Covers land use, street patterns, transit, rail, civic art, and public recreation

Hint 28

MP

Front 29

Goals of Master Planning

Back 29

1. Orderly attactive patterns of land use
2. Achieveing a functional transportation system
3. Adequate parks & recreation
4. Safeguarding property values

Hint 29

GMP

Front 30

Planning

Back 30

May include everything from minor control over land use to Soviet-style economics

Front 31

Planning initiatives of the Great Depression

Back 31

-Federal Funding of Local and State Planning Efforts
-State Highway System
-Conservation and Farmland Preservation
-Housing Quality
-Sewer Treatment
-Water Pollution
-Adequate Recreational Facilities
-Public Finance
-Urban Governance

Front 32

National Resources Planning Board

Back 32

-Supported local and state planning
-Inventory of natural resources

Hint 32

NRPB

Front 33

TVA

Back 33

Established to deal with flood control, power generation,natural resource conservation

Front 34

Urban Planning

Back 34

Started as slum clearance. Ended in 1973 after spending $13 billion on urban programs

Front 35

Highway Planning

Back 35

Postwar need due to the increase in auto ownership.

Front 36

CATS - Chicago Area Transit System

Back 36

Largest highway project postwar

Front 37

Environmental Planning Background Forces

Back 37

Emerged in the 60's
1. Growth of population, more electriciy, more use of resources, more pavement for more cars.
2. Creation of substances not commonly found in the environment

Hint 37

EPBF

Front 38

Power of Eminent Domain

Back 38

The right to take property for public purposes.

Front 39

14th Amendment

Back 39

No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law

Front 40

4th Amendment

Back 40

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures

Front 41

5th Amendment

Back 41

Nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compenstation.

Front 42

Public Control of the Use of Private Property

Back 42

The imposition of uncompensated losses on property owners

Front 43

Police Power

Back 43

the right of the community to regulate the activities of private parties to protect the interest of the public

Front 44

Grants

Back 44

Large governmental influece tool, placing emphasis on political behavior rather than economic rationality

Front 45

Mandates

Back 45

Governments influences local and state planning activities

Front 46

Reasons planning is political

Back 46

1. Involves matters where there are large emotional stakes
2. Planning decisions are visible
3. Planning is close at hand, being more local than global
4. Citizens assume correctly they know something without formal study of the subject
5. Involves decisions with large financial consequences
6. Strong link between planning questions and property taxes

Front 47

Political Fragmentation

Back 47

1. Distributed through different levels of government.
2. Power separation among executive, legislative, and judical branches.
3. Planning is a function of the executive branch

Front 48

Styles of Planning

Back 48

1. Neutral public servant
2. Building of community consensus
3. Entrepreneur
4. Advocate
5. Agent of Radical Change

Front 49

Neutral Public Servant

Back 49

Political neutral stance and fall back on their professional expertise

Hint 49

NPS

Front 50

Building of Community Consensus

Back 50

The political view of the planner, planning cannot be separated from politics

Hint 50

BCC

Front 51

Entrepreneur

Back 51

When planners run an agency that is particularly task-oriented

Front 52

Advocate

Back 52

Acts as a representative for certain groups or certain positions and chooses to advance particular interests

Front 53

Agent of Radical Change

Back 53

Find the day-to-day work of planning in most organizations frustrating and painful

Hint 53

AoRC

Front 54

Private Community

Back 54

Residence also means becoming a member of a community association, paying fees to that association and agreeing to abide by its rules

Front 55

Balkanization

Back 55

The decry of those that believe the trend toward private communities has some negative connotations.

Front 56

Master Plan

Back 56

The plan for an entire city, county, or other civil division.

Front 57

Reasons for homelessness

Back 57

1. Involvement with drugs/alcohol
2. Economic reasons
3. Mental illness

Front 58

Goals of Comprehensive Planning

Back 58

1. Health
2. Public Safety
3. Circulation
4. Provision of services and facilities
5. Economic Goals
6. Fiscal Health
7. Environmental protection
8. Redistributive Goals

Front 59

Comprehensive Plan: Health

Back 59

A pattern of land use that protects the public health

Front 60

Comprehensive Plan: Public Safety

Back 60

Wide enough roads for emergency vehicles, flood plain zoning, street geometry for child safety, high-crime area building planning to eliminate muggings and assault

Hint 60

PS

Front 61

Comprehensive Planning: Circulation

Back 61

A system of streets and perhaps also parking to facility vehicle and pedestrian flow

Front 62

Comprehensive Planning: Provision of services and facilities

Back 62

Determining the location of facilities such as parks, recreation, schools, social services, hospitals, etc.

Front 63

Comprehensive Planning: Fiscal Health

Back 63

The planning development with the fiscal community

Front 64

Comprehensive Planning: Economic Goals

Back 64

A pattern of land use that provides for commercial and industrial, good access to sites, and facilitating utilities to those sites

Front 65

Comprenhensive Planning: Environmental Protection

Back 65

-Restriction on building in wetlands, steep slopes, or other fragile land.
-Preservation of open space, ordinances to control discharges into water bodies, etc.

Front 66

Comprehensive Planning: Redistributive Goals

Back 66

The distribution of wealth and influence downward in the political process

Front 67

Comprehensive Planning Process Steps

Back 67

1. Research Phase
2. Clarification of community goals and objectives
3. Plan Formulation
4. Plan Implementation
5. Plan Review and Revision

Front 68

Plan Research: Population Forecasting

Back 68

Cohort Survival
Land-Use Inventory

Front 69

Cohort Survival

Back 69

-Aging the present population and numbers adjusted for expected mortality.
-Adjustments are made for migration and births

Front 70

Land Use Inventory

Back 70

Mapping existing land uses
-undeveloped lands
-instituional holders
-infrastructure characteristics (water and sewer)

Front 71

Formulating Goals Purpose

Back 71

Formulate a limited number of goals that do not contradict each other with enough public and political support to pass

Hint 71

FGP

Front 72

Formulating the Plan

Back 72

Lay out options of a goal, then establish costs and merits of different options

Hint 72

FTP

Front 73

Implementing the Plan

Back 73

Enacting the option chosen for meeting a goal

Front 74

Plan Review

Back 74

Periodic review of all major elements and reviewing the success

Front 75

Bonds

Back 75

A promise to make repayments to the buyer on a regular prearranged basis. Interest payments are made once or twice a year with the principal paid upon maturity

Front 76

General Obligation Bond

Back 76

Guaranteed by the full faith and credit of the municipal government

Front 77

Revenue Bond

Back 77

Backed by a claim on the revenues that that a proposed facility is expected to generate

Front 78

Bonus or Incentive Zoning

Back 78

Allowing increased residential densities if developers will include some units earmarked for low- and moderate-income tenants

Front 79

Transfer of Development Rights (TDR)

Back 79

Concentrate development where it is wanted and restrict it where it is not wanted.

Hint 79

TDR

Front 80

Inclusionary Zoning

Back 80

Developers who build more than a specified number of units must include a ceratin percentage for low- and moderate income households.

Hint 80

IZ

Front 81

Planned Unit Development PUD

Back 81

Establishing a plan for a single use, but allowing the use of a particular area to change based upon a complete review of the entire area

Front 82

Cluster Zoning

Back 82

Generally apply to residential development, permit the building of houses on smaller lots, provided the space saved is used for community. Preserves open space

Front 83

Performance Zoning

Back 83

Stiuplate what may or may not be done in terms of end results instead of giving detailed regulations on the exact form of development. More flexible form of zoning.

Front 84

Development Agreements

Back 84

Essentially bypass the existing zoning but must conform to the existing comp. plan

Hint 84

DA

Front 85

Exactions

Back 85

Charges intended to pay the costs that the development is presumed to impose on the community. (Impact Fees)

Front 86

Site Plan Review

Back 86

Review for internal circulation, adequacy of parking, buffering from adjacent uses.

Front 87

Architectural Review

Back 87

Review for aesthetic consideration.

Front 88

Historic Preservation

Back 88

-Control over designated historic districts.
-Dictate when repairs are made, must conform to historical appearance