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208 Cards in this Set
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Competitive Advantage
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Allows an organization to deal with market environmental force better than it competitors
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General environment
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is comprised of cultural, economic, legal-political, and educational conditions.
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Environmental Uncertainty
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is a lack of complete information about the environment
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..lack...information...environment
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specific environment
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includes the people and groups with whom an organization interacts
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value creation
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creating value
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stakeholders
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are the persons, groups and institutions affected by an organization
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supply chain management
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strategically links all operations dealing with resource supplies
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...supplies
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organizational culture
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is the system of shared beliefs and values that guide behavior in organizations
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...shared beliefs...organization
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values-based management
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actively develops, communicates and enacts shared values
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core values
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are beliefs and values shared by organization members
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ethnocentrism
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is the belief that ones membership group or subculture is superior to all others
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multiculuralism
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involves pluralism and respect for diversity
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diversity
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describes race, gender,age, and other individual differences
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organizational subculture
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exist among people with similar values and beliefs on shared work responsibilities and personal characteristics
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multicultural organization
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is based on pluralism and operates with inclusivity and respect for diversity
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symbolic leadership
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uses symbols to establish and maintain a desired organizational culture.
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..symbol..
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glass ceiling
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is a hidden barrier to the advancement of women and minorities
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...barrier..
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biculturalism
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is when minority members adopt characteristics of majority cultures in order to succeed.
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managing diversity
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is building an inclusive environment that allows everyone to reach their full potential
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multiculturalism
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involves pluralism and respect for diversity
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global economy
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resources, markets, and competition are worldwide in scope
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international management
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involves managing operations in more than one country
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..managing..more than one country
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global manager
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is culturally aware and informed on international affairs
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globalization
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is the process of growing interdependent among elements of the global economy
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international business
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conducts commercial transactions across national boundaries
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licensing agreement
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one firm pays a fee for rights to make or sell another company's products
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joint venture
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operates in a foreign country through co-ownership with local partners
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global sourcing
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materials or services are purchased around the world for local use.
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franchising
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a fee is paid for rights to use another firms name and operating methods.
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foreign subsidiary
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is a local operation completely owned by a foreign firm
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world trade organization
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member nations agree to negotiate and resolve disputes about tariffs and trade restrictions
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european union
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is a political and economic alliance of european counties
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euro
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is the new common european currency
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NAFTA
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is the national american free trade agreement linking canada, the united states, and mexico in an economic alliance
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Protectionism
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is a call for tariffs and favorable treatments to protect domestic firms from foreign competition
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...protect...
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most favored nation status
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gives a trading partner most favorable treatment for imports and exports
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..favorable...
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exporting
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local products are sold abroad
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transnational corporation
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is an MNC that operates worldwide on a orderless basis
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importing
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is the process of acquiring products abroad and selling them domestically
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multinational corporation
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is a business with extensive international operations in more than one foreign country
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corruption
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involves illegal practices to further one's business interests
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sweat shops
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employ workers at very low wages for long hours in poor working conditions
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sustainable development
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meets the needs of the present without hurting future generations
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child labor
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is the full-time employment of children for work other wise done by adults
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culture
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is a shared set of beliefs, values, and patterns of behavior common to a group of people
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culture shock
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is the confusion and discomfort a person experiences when in an unfamiliar culture
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proxemics
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is how people use space to comunicate
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cultural intelligence
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is the ability to accept and adapt to new cultures
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low-context cultures
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emphasize communication via spoken or written word
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monochronic cultures
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people tend to do one thing at a time
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...one...
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comparative management
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studies how management practices differ among countries and cultures
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polychronic cultures
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time is used to accomplish many different things at once
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..many..
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high-context cultures
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rely on non-verbal and situational cues as well as on spoken or written words in communication
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strategy
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is a comprehensive plan guiding resource allocation to achieve long-term organization goals
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competitive advantage
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comes from operating in successful ways that are difficult to imitate
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strategic intent
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focuses and applies organizational energies on a unifying and compelling goal.
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strategy formulation
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is the process of creating strategies
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strategy implementation
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is the process of putting strategies into action
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mission
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is the organization's reason for existence in society
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core competency
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is a special strength that gives an organization a competitive advantage
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operating objectives
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are specific results that organizations try to accomplish
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organizational culture
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is the predominant value system for the organization as a whole
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SWOT analysis
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examines organizational strengths and weaknesses and environmental opportunities and threats
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Opportunities and threats
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external components of the SWOT model
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corporate strategy
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sets long-term direction for the total enterprise
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functional strategy
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guides activities within one specific area of operations
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business strategy
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identifies how a division or strategic business unit will compete in its product or service domain
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concentration growth
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is within the came business area
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growth strategy
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involves expansion of the organization's current operations
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vertical growth
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by acquiring suppliers or distributors
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retrenchment strategy
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changes operations to correct weaknesses
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restructuring
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reduces operations to correct weaknesses
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downsizing
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decreases the size of the operations
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divestiture
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sells off parts of the organization to refocus attention on core business areas
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co-opetition
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is the strategy of working with rivals on projects of mutual benefit
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strategic alliance
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organizations join together in partnership to pursue an area on mutual interest
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e-business strategy
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strategically uses the internet to gain competitive advantage
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B2C business strategy
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uses IT and web portals to link business with customers
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B2B business strategy
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uses IT and web portals to link organizations vertically in supply chains.
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portfolio planning
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approach seeks the best mix of investments among alternative business oportuities
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BCG matrix
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analyzes business opportunities according to market growth rate and market share
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cost leadership strategy
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seeks to operate with lower costs than competitors
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differentiation strategy
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offers products that are unique and different from the competition
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emergent strategy
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develops over tie as managers learn from and respond to experience
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corporate governance
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is the system of control and performance monitoring of top management
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strategic leadership
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inspires people to continuously change, refine, and improve strategies and their implementation
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human capital
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is the economic value of people with job-relevant abilities, knowledge, ideas, energies, and ocmmitments
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strategic human resource management
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mobilizes human capital to implement organizational strategies
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social contract
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reflects expectations in the employee-employer relationship
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human resource management
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is the process of attracting, developing, and maintaining a high-quality workforce
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discrimination
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occurs when someone is denied a job or job assignment for reasons not job relevant
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affirmative action
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is an effort to give preference in employment to women and minority group members
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bona fide occupational qualification
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are employment criteria justified by capacity to perform a job
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equal employment opportunity
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is the right to employment and advancement without regard to race, sex, religion, color, national origin
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independent contractor
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are hired as needed and are not part of the organization's regular workforce
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workplace privacy
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is the right to privacy while at work
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...privacy...work
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sexual harassment
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is behavior of sexual nature that affects a person's employment situation
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comparable worth
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holds that persons performing jobs of similar importance should be paid at comparable levels
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recruitment
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is a set of activities designed to attract a qualified pool of job applicants
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job specifications
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list the qualifications required of a job holder
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job description
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details the duties and responsibilities of a job holder
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human resource planning
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analyzes the staffing needs and identifies actions to fill those needs
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job analysis
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studies exactly what is done in a job and why
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selection
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is choosing individuals to hire from a pool of qualified job applicants
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orientation
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familiarizes new employees with jobs co-workers, and organizational policies and services
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socialization
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systematically influences the expectations, behavior, and attitudes of new employees
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training
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provides learning opportunities to acquire and improve job-related skills
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realistic job preview
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provides job candidate with all pertinent information about a job and organization
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reliability
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means a selection device gives consistent results over repeated measures
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work sampling
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applicants are evaluated while performing actual work tasks
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validity
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means scores on a selection device have demonstrated links with future job performance
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assessment center
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examines how job candidates handle simulated work situations
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selection
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is choosing individuals to hire from a pool of qualified job applicants
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management development
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is training to improve knowledge and skills in the management process
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modeling
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uses personal behavior to demonstrate performance expected of others
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mentoring
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assigns early career employees as proteges to more senior ones
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coaching
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occurs as an experienced person offers performance advice to a less-experienced person
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critical-incident techniques
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keeps a log of someone's effective and ineffective job behaviors
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performance appraisal
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is the process of formally evaluating performance and providing feedback to a job holder
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performance management system
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sets standards, assesses results, and plans for performance improvements
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behaviorally anchored rating scale
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uses specific descriptions of actual behavior to rate various levels of performance
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graphic rating scale
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uses a specific descriptions of actual behavior to rate various levels of performance
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multi-person comparison
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compares one person's performance with that of others
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career planning
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is the process of matching career goals and individual capabilities with opportunities of their fulfillment
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career plateau
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is a position from which someone is unlikely to move to a higher level of work responsibility
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360 feedback
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includes in the appraisal process: superiors, subordinates,peers, and even customers
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career
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is a sequence of jobs that constitutes what a person does for a living
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labor contract
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is a formal agreement between a union and employer about the terms of work for union members
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collective bargaining
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is the process of negotiating, administering, and interpreting a labor contract
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labor union
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is an organization that deals with employers on the workers' collective behalf
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employee assistance program
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helps employees cope with personal stress and problems
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flexible benefits
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program allows employees to choose from a range of benefit options
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family-friendly benefits
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helps employees achieve better work-life balance
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fringe benefits
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are nonmonetary forms of compensation such as health insurance and retirement
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base compensation
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is a salary or hourly wage paid to an individual
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innovation
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is the porcess of taking a new idea and putting it into practice
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process innovation
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results in better ways of doing things
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business model innovation
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results in ways for firms to make money
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creativity
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is the generation of novel ideas or unique approach that solves a problem or crafts an opportunity
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product innovation
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results in new or improved goods and services
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reactive change
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responds to events as or after they occur
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top-down change
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the change initiatives come from senior management
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performance gap
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is a discrepancy between a desired and actual state of affairs
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planned change
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aligns the organization with anticipated future challenges
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transformational change
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results in a major and comprehensive redirection of the organization
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unfreezing
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is the phase during which a situation is prepared for change
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changing
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is the phrase where a planned change actually takes place
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force-coercion strategy
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pursues change through formal authority and/or the use of rewards or punishment
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refreezing
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is the phase at which change is stabilized
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incremental change
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bends and adjusts existing ways to improve performance
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action research
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is a collaborative process of collecting data, using it for action planning and evaluating the results
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organizational development
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is a comprehensive effort to improve an organization's ability to solve problems and improve performance
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shared power strategy
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pursues change by participation in assessing change needs, values, an goals
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rational persuasion strategy
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pursues change through empirical data and rational argument
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leadership
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is the process of inspiring others to work hard to accomplish important tasks
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power
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is the ability to get someone else to do something you want done or to make things happen the way you want
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reward power
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is the capacity to offer something of value as a means of influencing other people
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coercive power
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is the capacity to punish or withhold positive outcomes as a means of influencing other people
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legitimate power
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is the capacity to influence other people by virtue of formal authority, or the rights of office
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visionary leadership
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brings to the situation a clear sense of the future and an understanding of how to get there
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servant leadership
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is follower-centered and committed to helping others in their work
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referent power
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is the capacity to influence other people because of their desire to identify personally with you
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empowerment
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enables others to gain and use decision-making power
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vision
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is a clear sense of the future
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autocratic style
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acts in a unilateral command-and-control fashion
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democratic style
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encourages participation with an emphasis on both task accomplishment and development of people
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leadership style
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is the reoccurring pattern of behavior exhibited by a leader
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human relations style
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emphasizes people over tasks
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laissez-faire style
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displays a "do the best you can and dont bother me" attitude
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substitue for leadership
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are factors in the work setting that direct work efforts without the involvement of a leader
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group decision
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is made by group members in full synergy
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...group...
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authority decision
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is made by the leader and then communicated to the group
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consultative decision
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made by leader after receiving information advice, or opinions from group members
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charismatic leader
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develops special leader-follower relationships and inspires followers in extraordinary ways
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moral leadership
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is always "good" and "right" by ethical standards
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...ethical...
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integrity
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leadership that is honest, credible, and consistent in putting values in to action
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authentic leadership
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activates positive psychological states to achieve self-awareness and positive self-regulation
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emotional intelligence
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is the ability to manage out emotions and social relationships
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...emotions...
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motivation
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accounts for the level, direction, and persistence of effort expended at work
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need
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is an unfulfilled physiological or psychological desire
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lower-order needs
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are physiological safety, and social needs in maslow's hierarcy
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higher-order needs
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are esteem and self-actualization needs in maslow's hierarchy
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satisfier factor
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is found in job content, such as a sense of achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, or personal growth
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hygiene factor
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is found in the job context, such as working conditions, interpersonal relations, organizational policies, and salary
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needs for achievement
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is the desire to do something better, to sole problems, or to master complex tasks.
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need for power
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is the desire to control, influence, or be responsible for other people
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need for affiliation
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is the desire to establish and maintain good relations with people
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equity theory
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is based on the logic of social comparisons and the notion that perceived inequity is a motivating state
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valence
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is the value a person assigns to work-related outcomes
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expectancy
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is the person's belief that working hard will result in high task performance
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instrumentality
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is a person's belief that various outcomes will occur as a result of task performance
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law of effect
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states that behavior followed y pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated: behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is not
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operant conditioning
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is the control of behavior by manipulating its consequences
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positive reinforcement
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strengthens a behavior by a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence
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extinction
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discourages behavior by making removal of a desired consequence contingent on its occurrence
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negative reinforcement
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strengthens behavior by making the avoidance of an undesirable consequence contingent on its occurrence
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shaping
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is positive reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired behavior
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job design
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is arranging work tasks for individuals and groups
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automation
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is the total mechanization of a job
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job simplification
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employs people in clearly defined and very specialized tasks
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job rotation
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increases task variety by periodically shifting workers between different jobs
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job enrichment
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increases job depth by adding work planning and evaluating duties normally performed by the supervisor
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job enlargement
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increases task variety by combining into one job two or more tasks previously assigned to separate workers
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contingency workers
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employed on a part-time and temporary basis to supplement a regular workforce
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telecommuting
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involves using IT to work at home or outside the office
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job sharing
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splits one job between two people
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flexible working hours
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give employees some choice in daily work hours
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part-time work
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is temporary employment for less than the standard 40-hour work week
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