Consumer Foods E1

Front 1

What are the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and what agency(s) develop(s) them?

Back 1

Food recommendations developed by USDA and USDHHS

Front 2

What are the Dietary Reference Intakes and what agency(s) develop(s) them?

Back 2

Nutrient recommendations developed by the Institute of Medicine

Front 3

What are the Daily Values and what agency(s) develop(s) them?

Back 3

Nutrient recommendations developed by FDA for food labeling

Front 4

How many people receive Supplemental Nutrition Assistance (SNAP)? Average $ per person? per household?

Back 4

Over 47 million
$133.
$277

Front 5

How many Americans are food insecure? How many with very low?

Back 5

15%.
Almost 6%.

Front 6

What does the Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act require?

Back 6

Development of school wellness policies for schools with lunch/breakfast.

Front 7

Dietary guidelines recommend:

Back 7

Maintain calorie balance over time to achieve and sustain a healthy weight.
Nutrient-dense foods/beverages.

Front 8

What should a healthy eating pattern (in addition to promoting health and helping to decrease the risk of chronic diseases) do according the the the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?

Back 8

Prevent food-borne illness

Front 9

Less than what percent of calories should be from saturated fat? (Dietary Guidelines for Americans)
Grams to be considered low sat. fat? low fat?

Back 9

<10%
low sat. fat </= 1g
low fat </= 3g

Front 10

Less than ______ /day of dietary cholesterol. (Dietary Guidelines for Americans)

Back 10

300mg

Front 11

What do the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend to keep trans fatty acids low?

Back 11

Limit foods w/ synthetic sources of trans fats (like partially hydrogenated oils) and other solid fats.

Front 12

What do the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend for women capable of becoming pregnant?

Back 12

Heme iron + vit. C rich foods
400 mcg of synthetic folic acid and folate from a varied diet

Front 13

What do the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend for women breastfeeding/pregnant?

Back 13

8-12 oz seafood/wk
Limit white (albacore) tuna to 6oz/wk and DO NOT eat tilefish, shark, swordfish, and king mackerel
Take iron supplement

Front 14

What are 4 nutrient concerns in Am. diets? (Dietary Guidelines for Americans)

Back 14

Potassium, dietary fiber, Ca, vit. D

Front 15

FDA regulates but does not have to pre-market approve what products?

Back 15

Foods & dietary supplement

Front 16

T or F. A supplement is intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, and prevention of disease.

Back 16

F. Cannot say food or supplement treats diseases.

Front 17

What can a supplement contain?

Back 17

Vitamins, minerals, herbs, botanicals, AAs, concentrate, metabolite, dietary substance, constituent, extract.

Front 18

Do many substances added to food need formal premarket FDA approval?

Back 18

No. GRAS if a long history of use in food, scientific knowledge about ingredient. Ex: HFCS. But can GRAS review things (ex: MSG, a flavor enhancer).

Front 19

What does EAFUS stand for? What is it?

Back 19

Everything added to food in the U.S. Reference for 1000s of substances; links to GRAs, true food additives and colors, function and use of ingredient, allowable amts.

Front 20

What does NLEA stand for? What is it for? What year?

Back 20

National Labeling Education Act of 1990. Food labeling and health claims.

Front 21

What does DSHEA stand for? What is it? Year?

Back 21

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act. Broadly defines dietary supplements, structure function claims, FDA must prove danger--limited authority to FDA.

Front 22

Compare the greenhouse gas warming potential of the three main gases from most to least. Where do most of our GHGs come from?

Back 22

N2O, CH4, CO2.
Fossil fuels.

Front 23

Which gas is produced from rice patties?

Back 23

Methane. This makes rice have high GHGs compared to carrots.

Front 24

The policy document that summarizes the amount of vegetables recommended daily is:

Back 24

USDA and DHSS Dietary Guidelines for Americans

Front 25

The most common food allergies in children and adults are:

Back 25

Milk in children and shellfish in adults

Front 26

Most nitrates are from _____________, most nitrites are from ___________, and most nitrosamines are from

Back 26

vegetables; meat; dairy and meat

Front 27

Examples of antimicrobial ingredients used in foods include:

Back 27

Spices
Sulfites & nitrites
Organic acids: Acetic acid, benzoic acid

Front 28

Which antimocribials gases kill?

Back 28

ethylene and propylene oxides

Front 29

How much BHA & BHT antioxidants are allowed in fat products? Cereals?

Back 29

200ppm (.02%)
50ppm (.005%)

Front 30

What is FASEB's (Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology) position on BHA and BHT?

Back 30

Minimal risk.

Front 31

What are some examples of emulsifiers?

Back 31

Stearyl monoglyceride, stearyl lactylates, sorbitol monostearate, lecithin, mono- and diglycerides

Front 32

How many adverse reactions to sulfites have there been since 1985? What are sulfites in? What does the FDA prohibit/ban them in?

Back 32

1,000
Dried fruits; vegs & some meds; processed foods; condiments; shrimp
things high in B1/thiamine; fresh fruits and vegs

Front 33

Are more asthmatics sensitive to sulfites?

Back 33

Yes. 1/20. 1/100 of gen. pop. are sensitive
*esp asthmatics that use steroids

Front 34

Green tea FDA qualified health claim:

Back 34

FDA concludes that it is highly unlikely that green tea reduces the risk of breast or prostate cancer based on 3 studies.

Front 35

To find out more about the Acai berry or pomegrantes what would be the best source? What does PubMed say about the Acai berry?

Back 35

PubMed.

Front 36

What does PubMed say about the Acai berry?

Back 36

Pain/range of motion benefits. Relationship with the lung. May interact with medications.

Front 37

What does PubMed say about the pomegranate?

Back 37

May have health benefits for ppl w/ cancer.

Front 38

What is the mission of the NIH Office of ODS regarding dietary supplements?

Back 38

Strengthen knowledge and evaluate total intake including dietary supplements.

Front 39

Over ________ plants are used in dietary supplements. Therefore, the NIST (Nat'l Institute of Standard Tech.) can only provide 1-2 standard reference materials/yr.

Back 39

3000.
In complete databases.

Front 40

What is the position of ASHP regarding dietary supplements?

Back 40

Urges pharmacists & others to integrate awareness of dietary supplements.
Include clinical studies of interactions of dietary supplements with meds.
Avoid dietary supplements w/ drug therapy.

Front 41

What are 5 dangers to public health regarding dietary supplements?

Back 41

1) Naturally unsafe
2) Lax regulation of manufacturing (contamination; variability)
3) May compromise, delay, or supplant treatment w/ therapies of proven efficacy
4) Possible dangers to subgroups (children, pregnant, surgery patients, poor organ/immune function)

Front 42

Guar gum is an example of a:

Back 42

fat replacer

Front 43

Mannitol is an example of a:

Back 43

sweetener

Front 44

BHA, BHT, and TBHQ function as food additives by:

Back 44

Free radical terminators that help prevent oxidation

Front 45

Longer ICU length of stay, longer hospital length of stay, and longer course of supplemental oxygen and some other medications are associated with __________ children with asthma.

Back 45

Obese

Front 46

From the study discussed in class about Echinacea and upper respiratory infections in children, what type of study was this?

Back 46

Double-blind randomized control study

Front 47

From the study discussed in class about Echinacea and upper respiratory infections in children, what were the main conclusions?

Back 47

Echinacea leads to more rashes, but has no benefit on any aspect of URIs

Front 48

What are the potential benefits of Kava?

Back 48

Randomized controlled trials for anxiety show benefits for anxiety

Front 49

According to a review by Bent, 2008, what is the status of knowledge about St. John’s Wort?

Back 49

Likely effective for mild-moderate depression, but many reports of drug interactions

Front 50

What did the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality conclude about supplemental antioxidants and cancer?

Back 50

Not enough information to evaluate coenzyme Q Vitamin C and E supplements generally do not help prevent or treat cancer
Need more studies with women and for reproductive cancers

Front 51

What did the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality conclude about antioxidants supplements and heart disease?

Back 51

Vitamin E alone or in combination with other antioxidants does not prevent all-cause death or CVD death

Front 52

One of the major concerns identified by USPSTF for smokers about using β-carotene supplements for preventing cancer or heart disease is that:

Back 52

led to more lung cancer and all-cause mortality
D qualified claim!!!

Front 53

How are the Dietary Guidelines for Americans developed?

Back 53

About every 5 years, review research studies and then make mainly food-based guidelines

Front 54

What are the guidelines about the vegetable food group from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?

Back 54

Select from all five vegetable subgroups several times a week (dark green, orange, legumes, starchy vegetables, and other vegetables)

Front 55

What subgroups of the population should consume no more than 1,500 mg of sodium daily?

Back 55

People with any one of these: high blood pressure, blacks, middle-aged adults, older adults (>51)

Front 56

Examples of questions on the food insecurity questionnaire used by the government include:

Back 56

a. Hungry but did not eat
b. Did not eat for a whole day
c. Could not afford balanced meal

Front 57

Food security:

Back 57

Access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life

Front 58

What were the findings of the JAMA study regarding prostate cancer and vit. E in over 35,000 men?

Back 58

Over 3 yrs, 400 IUs vit. E increased cancer incidence by 17%.
(The UL for vit. E is 1000 IUs!!!)

Front 59

What were the findings of the JAMA study regarding prostate cancer and selenium and vit. E + selenium in men?

Back 59

Control and treatment were the same for both these groups. 200 IUs selenium were given (RDA = 50-60 IUs)

Front 60

Are the findings of the JAMA study regarding prostate cancer and vit. E in men different or the same from other similar studies?

Back 60

Mixed results.

Front 61

In light of the JAMA study, can one claim vit. E increases the risk of cancer in men?

Back 61

yes!

Front 62

Regarding the systematic review and meta-analysis (including 12 RCTs) of folic acid, what were the findings?

Back 62

Borderline significant increase in frequency of overall cancer in folic acid group
Prostate cancer was the only cancer type found to be increased after folic acid supplementation

Front 63

What is RDA for folic acid? Who should take folic acid? Who should def. not?

Back 63

400 mcg (same as used in study)
Pregnant
Smokers

Front 64

Top 5 misleading words in US food advertising

Back 64

Natural, made with, whole grains, light, 100 calorie

Front 65

Is CD a wheat allergy?

Back 65

NO. CD is a permanent reaction to gliaden portion of gluten/ wheat protein leading to an autoimmune disease, a damages GI tract, and malabsorption.
Wheat allergy is Ig-E mediated.

Front 66

What does it mean when someone has gluten intolerance? is it an allergy?

Back 66

transient GI symptoms. No, not immune related.

Front 67

How many people in the U.S. have CD?

Back 67

2 mill. 1/133

Front 68

What is the chain reaction of a food allergy?

Back 68

The immediate hypersensitivity causes: food allergen, IgE, mast cells & basophils -> stimulate release of mediators -> histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes

Front 69

What are the big 8 food allergens? Percentage making up allergies?

Back 69

Milk, eggs, fish, soy, shellfish, wheat, peanuts, tree nuts
90%!!!

Front 70

What percentage of population alters diet because of perceived food reaction?

Back 70

20%.

Front 71

Is lactose intolerance a food allergy? What abt reaction to preservatives and additives? What abt food poisoning?

Back 71

No. No. No. Don't involve immune system.

Front 72

What is the avg # of hospital discharges/yr among children under 18 yrs w/ any diagnosis related to food allergy from 2004-2006? Is this a big increase from previous years?

Back 72

>9,000
YES

Front 73

What is the best way to diagnose an allergy?
What are some other ways?

Back 73

Double-blind food challenge.
Elimination, food diary, skin prick test, lab tests.

Front 74

According to the Am. Academy of Pediatrics (2008) some evidence that supplementing ______________ ______________ in high-risk infants may delay or prevent allergic disease

Back 74

hydrolyzed formulas

Front 75

When using steroids for asthma what should you be careful about consuming?

Back 75

sulfites.

Front 76

What act requires plain English to identify top 8 allergens?

Back 76

U.S. Food Allergen Labeling & Consumer Protection Act (2006)

Front 77

Does the U.S. Food Allergen Labeling & Consumer Protection Act (2006) allow a collective declaration of certain ingredients?

Back 77

Yes. Exception = highly refined oil

Front 78

What are some concerns of U.S. Food Allergen Labeling & Consumer Protection Act (2006)?

Back 78

Could lead to avoidance of many foods due to trace amts.
Regulation only applies to intentionally added so residues can occur.
*Back and forth. Some want to know traces, some think that's dumb.

Front 79

The allergy guidelines state that ____ mnths of exclusive breast-feeding can help high-risk infants.

Back 79

4

Front 80

Vaccinations can contain what top 8 allergen?

Back 80

Egg (the protein)

Front 81

Top 8 Allergies

Back 81

Milk, egg, peanut, tree nut, fish, shellfish, wheat, soy

Front 82

What % of pop. has food allergies? % of children?

Back 82

4%, 6%

Front 83

How many ER visits, hospitalizations, and deaths per year occur from food allergies?

Back 83

30,000
2,000
150

Front 84

According to the CDC out of the 310 million Americans how many are obese? Children?

Back 84

70 million.
1/3

Front 85

How many Am. are on food stamps?

Back 85

40 million.

Front 86

How many people get ill from food-borne illness each year? How many are hospitalized? How many die?

Back 86

48 million.
128,000.
3,000.

Front 87

What is the goal of the 2010 Food Modernization Act?

Back 87

Make our food supply safer; more inspection of food (from other countries; also voluntary recall changed to mandatory)

Front 88

What amendment is associated with GRAS? What year was it passed?

Back 88

FD&C. 1958.

Front 89

What year was DSHEA passed? What are the key things it says?

Back 89

1994.
Broadly defines dietary supplements--FDA must prove danger, not manufacturer.
Exempts ingredients from the FD&C
Structure/function claims.

Front 90

What act passed in 2004 states big 8 allergenic foods?

Back 90

Food allergy Labeling and Consumer Protection Act.

Front 91

Are the DVR's for macro- or micronutrients?

Back 91

Macro.

Front 92

Are the RDI's for macro- or micronutrients?

Back 92

Micro.

Front 93

A health claim for Calcium would read:

Back 93

"diets high in calcium may reduce the risk of osteoporosis"

Front 94

Low calories is ______ calories or less/RACC

Back 94

40

Front 95

Low fat is _____g or less; while low sat. fat is _____g or less

Back 95

3g; 1g

Front 96

Low sodium is ______mg or less

Back 96

140mg

Front 97

Reduced or less is a _____% decrease.

Back 97

25