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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Be able to explain the triadic nature of consultation.
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A
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Explain what differs between consultation and counseling.
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A
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What is the definition (or the one we discussed) of consultation?
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• A process for providing psychological & educational services in which a consultant works collaboratively with a consultee to improve learning and behavior of a student or group of students. The consultant helps the consultee through systematic p-s, uses social influence, and provides professional support. The consultee participates in selecting and implementing effective school-based interventions for the client. School consultation serves both a remedial function for existing problems and has the potential to serve a preventive function when collecting and analyzing system data and responding with system-level changes in core instructor or behavior management.
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Name one thing/quality that can make you more effective as a consultant and explain it.
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• Self awareness and other awareness
• Multicultural skills • Interpersonal skills • Marketing skills or persuasion skills to convince others they will benefit from others • Knowledge of problem solving process and all that it entails (e.g., evidence based interventions, social validity, treatment integrity, progress monitoring) |
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Name and describe one of the types of power we discussed in class…those that I indicated I think are okay to use in consultation.
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Traditional power bases used during consultation
• Early research (Martin) focused on only expert and referent power because all others were associated with hierarchical relationships. • Positive expert : Consultee views consultant’s expert knowledge with positive regard (but don’t be too knowledgeable) • Positive referent: Consultant influences consultee because of consultee’s identification with consultant in some way (but don’t be too similar) Other ' bases used in consultation • Surveys of school psychologists reported using these power bases in additional to the traditional ones: • Informational- Consultant provides information to consultee and the consultee decides to accept the change because he or she understands it. • Legitimacy- Based on consultee accepting change because he or she believes consultant has a right to influence • Personal Reward- Approval of consultee by the consultant is important. |
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Name two kinds of questions used during consultation, define them, and give an example of each.
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• Use of closed questions: Yes/No response or limited choice answer (e.g. 3 times)
• Use of open ended questions: Allows for detailed response • Controlling the interaction: Redirection to the problem solving process • Generally consultation meeting/interview is structured and open-ended meaning that you have a guide for collecting information. |
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Name one hypothesis for parent resistance, and give an example. Explain how you could prevent it and what you could do if it is present and you seek to reduce it.
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Consulting with parents
• Parent involvement required for student with disabilities, but should be embraced for all children • Other points to consider…how family may perceive the problem, education level of family members, willingness/desire to share information, understanding of the p-s process, and idea that educators knows best • Need to have an agenda BEFORE parents are contacted • Need to set a specific plan, assume parents want to collaborate, remember the goal is to help the child (client). • Reducing parent resistance o Change is expected part of consultation, but parents may not realize that they may be required to change o Important that when engaging in consultation, consultants learn to recognize resistance • Recognizing types of resistance o Time may be difficult to recognize, but if excuses persist, it may be resistance o Attack on consultant, teachers, previous teachers, school etc., may be resistance o Intellectualizing occurs when the conversation is redirected away from necessary parent action Hypotheses for parent resistance • Negative association with the school • Personal problems • Fear of personal disclosure • Philosophical differences • Cultural differences • Denial • Impracticality Addressing parent resistance • Prevent resistance by building partnerships with families! • Reduce resistance by • Set a positive tone • Empathy • Collaboration • Supportive refocus • Reframing • Parable • Contracting • Parent observation |
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Name one hypothesis for teacher resistance, and give an example. Explain how you could prevent it and what you could do if it is present and you seek to reduce it.
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Teacher Resistance
• Recall resistance is a natural reaction to change efforts • Make sure you are cognizant of your agenda vs. the one of the consultee (i.e., history of the system) • Function of consultee behavior is to avoid something or get something • Types of resistance • Direct block: I won’t work with you. • Yes, but: Yes that is a good idea but... • I did it, but it didn’t work: Importance of treatment integrity Hypotheses for teacher resistance • habit strength • threat to role image or security • too much work • philosophical belief • poor planning delivery • lack of skills • inadequate support • What are some other reasons from the text? How to intervene when there is teacher resistance • Most important is to PREVENT • Lack of understanding can be the main cause • Make sure framework is in place and staff understand what consultation is and why consultation is part of your role :develop positive expectations and incentives :reduce consultee’s effort • If present, intervene :Generate hypothesis for why it exists. Do not assume it is because of attitude. • Make sure relationship with consultee is developed so questioning resistance is natural part of the relationship and not perceived to be confrontational. |
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Name one of the four categories for consultee problems in MHC and explain it
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Sources of problem for consultee
a. Focus is to identify characteristic of consultee that is contributing to problem with client b. Four categories i. Lack of knowledge ii. Lack of skill iii. Lack of confidence iv. Lack of objectivity |
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Name the author of and describe the basis for and characteristics of BC.
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Behavioral Consultation
• Resulted from work of behaviorist such as Watson and others • Based on theory of behaviorism and operant learning (external) • Alternative model is Cojoint Behavioral Consultation (involves family) • Designed to help the teacher cope with the immediate behavior of concern Characteristics of BC • Behavioral orientation is required • Focus on the ABC of behavior • Focus on observable behaviors • Collaborative and indirect • Direct training may occur when consultee does not know how to implement behavior plan • Highly structured approach • Is preventative • Collaborative • Structured Stages for BC • Four stages Bergan (1977) • Problem identification • Problem clarification and definition • Problem analysis • More in-depth analysis of problem and development of the plan • Problem implementation • Implement and monitor plan • Problem Evaluation • Determine if goals and plan need to continue, be modified or terminated |
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Explain why it is critical to explore and select a hypothesis before discussing and selecting an intervention and writing the implementation plan.
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A
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Define social validity and explain why it is important to assess social validity.
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term coined by behavior analysts to refer to the social importance and acceptability of treatment goals, procedures, and outcomes.
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Explain the following statement, “The best was to address teacher or parent resistance is to prevent it through education.”
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A
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Understand the so what test, what MOS means, what repeated measurement means and be able to provide a teacher friendly definition of baseline.
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Problem in MOS terms
MOS = Measurable, observable and specific One of the most important steps of the problem solving process. Definition needs to be clear and complete Should include examples and non-examples. Needs to be observable in that it passes the stranger test. Needs to be something that can be measured over time. So what test If we address this problem, will it make a difference in the child’s overall functioning? Does the student, parent, and teacher(s) perceive this to be a problem of concern? Is the child’s performance different from peers? When baseline data are reviewed in comparison to the standard, is there a discrepancy and does it warrant an intervention? Repeated Measurement Must be able to measure in setting where problem is a concern. Must be accurate, objective, and related to the behavior of concern. Since the strategy will be used to monitor the intervention, it must be a strategy that can used frequently and repeatedly over time. Baseline Data Baseline describes the student’s performance on the target behavior at a specific point in time. Baseline should include at least 3 measures, collected in appropriate settings, when behavior is judged to be typical, collected over a short period of time, and summarized by finding the median score. Graphing of the data should ALWAYS occur! |
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Be familiar with the research on consultation (what does it say about what school psychs do, prefer, and how has it been evaluated, what is missing from the research).
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How did consultation become a role for SP?
• The idea started with Caplan in the 1940s • Currently used in most helping professions because of theory (behavioral psychology), professional issues (lack of treatment outcomes), and pragmatic issues (too many needs to be addressed one by one) • Within school setting, special education laws, and effectiveness of special education Research on consultation • Pros • Overall research indicates positive effects Sheridan (1996) 75% of outcomes were positive, overall quality improving • Research would suggest consultation is preferred to some degree • Cons • Some conclude while process outcomes are good, not strong for student outcomes • Lack follow-up studies (long-term effects) • Focus on graduate students not practitioner based research |
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Be familiar with the article by Ingraham on why it is important to use a multicultural framework and know some of the possible pros and cons, per the article, on the consultation constellations.
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Multicultural consultation is defined as “a culturally sensitive, indirect service in which the
consultant adjusts the consultation services to address the needs and cultural values of the consultee, the client, or both” |
