Mod 7 Cem 2 Construction Methods And Techniques

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What are Project Construction Method and Operation from start to completion

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1. Clearing the site 2. Locating the structure 3. Earthmoving 4. Stabilizing earth and structure 5. Setting Foundation 6. Building Superstructure 7. Installing Utilities 8. Enclosing Frame superstructures 9. Finishing the project

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are important to those who prepare and clear the site. The size of the site, the amount of the natural growth, man-made and natural obstacles, the location of the site, and what is around the site

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CLEARING THE SITE

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most common site clearing practices

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(1) Demolishing, (2) Salvaging, (3) Cutting, (4) Burning, (5) Earthmoving and (6) Disposing.

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Destroying

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Demolishing

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Saving things from being demolish

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Salvaging

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can be done with torch to cut through pieces of metal.

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Cutting

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When wood cannot be used or vegetation has to be cleared, one of the best ways of destroying is

This can be done by setting a fire under controlled conditions. By using special fuels, vegetation-even when green-can be set on fire.

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Burning

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means removing from the site materials that are not wanted.

This may be done by burying, burning, or hauling away.

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Disposing

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is used in clearing many sites.

It may be can a major part of the construction work on heavy construction projects such as highways, tunnels, and earthen dams.

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Earthmoving

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The most popular methods are to provide

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caissons of cofferdams.

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are large tubes which are placed through water to solid ground.

When it is emptied of water, this gives a dry place for working

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Caissons

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are a series of cells, or units, which sit on the bottom and are filled with soil and rock. These units are placed next to each other to make a wall around the site. The area within the cofferdam is then emptied of water to make a dry area

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Cofferdams

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Surveying for highways and Surveying for buildings

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LOCATING THE STRUCTURE

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- the man with the training and equipment needed to do this job.

-dimensions from a set of plans and mark on the site

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Surveyor

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Stakes are then set along the whole center line about 50’ to 100’ apart. The most important along the center line

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control points

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are points of known elevation or height above sea level

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bench marks

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Moving earth, both soil and rock,

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EARTHMOVING

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These areas are wide but fairly shallow, and there is easy access to them

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Bulk wide-area excavating

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Wet clay is the type of matter that is moved

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Loose-bulk excavating

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7 Basic ways of Excavating

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BBLLTTD

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This kind of excavation is done mainly by digging vertically. It may be used to dig a basement. The sides of the excavation may be braced or shored.

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Limited-area vertical excavating.

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is the digging up of a wide and deep area.

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Bulk pit excavating.

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the excavation is long and narrow

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Trenching.

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not usually considered under the heading of general excavation, because it is done completely underground.

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Tunnel excavating.

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This kind of excavation deals with the removal of soil or other materials from under water. It is much the same as loose-bulk excavating.

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Dredging.

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done to make the excavation ready for the foundation

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Trimming

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is done to make the walls hold their form and to keep them from falling in.

To protects men, equipment, and structures in or near the excavated area.

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Stabilizing

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2 STABILIZING EARTH AND STRUCTURE

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Trimming

Stabilizing

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is the element of an architectural structure which connects it to the ground, and transfers loads from the structure to the ground.

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FOUNDATION

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(part of the earth on which the foundation rest

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bearing surface

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(flat part of the foundation which spreads the load of the structure above it

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footing

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such as walls or piers. The upright supports rise above the footing to form the rest or the sub structure.

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upright supports

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is a foundation unit constructed in brick work, masonry or concrete under the base of a wall or a column for the purpose of distributing the load over a large area.

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Footing

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Three kinds of footings

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1. Spread Footing 2. Raft or Slab Footing 3. Pile Cap Footing

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are the simplest kind. They are used on bearing surfaces of rock or of soil that is packed solidly like hard clay. It is a pad which may be long and rather narrow to go under a wall, or it may be square or rectangular where it is to go under a pier or post

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Spread Footings

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the soil of the bearing surface is soft or where there might be vibration due to an earthquake, a spread footing cannot be used.

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Raft or Slab Footing

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the bearing surface is in marshy land, in sand, or under water as in river, lake, or along the ocean, we must find a good bearing surface.

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Pile Cap Footing