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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does CSI stand for? |
Construction Specifications Institutes |
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Masterformat: DIVISION vs. SECTION |
DIVISION: Fixed Name and Number (Division 9: Finishes) SECTION: 09_ _ _ _on Gypsum Drywall. (6 digit number) |
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Masterformat: Section What is the breakdown of this portion? |
Each section is broken down into 3 parts: General, Materials, Execution General: deals with the coverage or scope of a section... describes related work, definitions, quality control, submittals, and guarantees/warranties. Materials Parts Lists: describes materials, products, and equipment to be used. Execution: details the manner in which the products and materials will be installed and work performed. |
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General Conditions |
AIA General Conditions: contains contractual provisions that elaborate on elements of the AIA Owner-Contractor agreement |
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General Requirements |
Division 1 of the Specifications: describes the administrative rules and work-related provisions for the specific project |
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Sections within Division 1 |
- Summary of Work - Payment, Modification, and Completion Procedures - Alternates - Allowances - Unit Prices - Progress Documentation and Procedures - Submittals - Quality Control Procedures - Temporary Facilities and Services - Product Requirements and Substitutions - Construction Procedures - Project Record Documents |
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Proprietary Specifications |
call for desired materials, products, systems, and equipment by their trade name and model numbers. Rely on commercially available products two kinds of "proprietary" - closed (sole source) - open (equal) |
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Closed versus Open Proprietary Specifications |
Closed: require a particular brand or trade name and do not permit substitution. Intended for situations where only one product will provide the desired result. (Usually not permitted on publicly-funded projects because open, competitive bidding is required) Open: usually name several (3) acceptable materials, products, or systems and contractors may use any of them. Alternatively, other approved products that match the capabilities and quality of the named items may be used if the open proprietary spec contains and APPROVED EQUAL clause. |
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APPROVED EQUAL CLAUSE |
might be found in an open proprietary specification... allows for substitutions if they match the capabilities and quality of the names items... an architect's review and approval is required for a substitution to be considered APPROVED EQUAL. |
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Performance Specification |
defines products or systems by describing the desired end results that are performance oriented... this method allows contractors and manufacturers to apply their unique expertise and encourages broad competition and maximum creative input. Must explicitly define required testing methods and procedures for evaluating performance. |
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Reference Specifications |
Refer to quality standards established by recognized testing authorities of by the federal government. Typically used in conjunction with other types of specifications. |
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Descriptive Specifications |
Describe all components of products, their arrangement and methods of assembly, physical and chemical properties, arrangement and relationship of parts, and numerous other details and requirements. In descriptive specifications, the architect assumes total responsibility for the function and performance of the product. |
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Cash Allowance Specifications |
Used in lieu of specifying a particular portion of the work. The architect directs bidders to set aside a specified amount of money to be applied to the construction work at the architect's direction. Used when full information on levels of quality has not been determined or is not available at the time bids are solicited... (hardware and carpeting are often handled in this manner. ie. the types and quantities of hardware may be determined on the basis of the drawings, but the levels of quality may need to be determined later). |
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C401 |
Architect-Consultant Agreement
A consultant is responsible for coordinating his own work. |
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The project manual contains |
1) General Conditions of the Contract for Construction 2) Instructions to Bidders 3) Sample contract administration forms 4) Bid Form The Project Manual does NOT include drawings |
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Shop Drawings provide the architect with information on... |
INSTALLATION DETAILS NOT: - equipment operating data - color and texture - standard of workmanship |
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Which type of info is NOT normally contained in construction specifications? - Level of Quality - Installation Methods - Quantities - Desired Performance |
Answer: Quantities Quantities are determined in the drawings |
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When evaluating substitutions by the contractors, an architect should consider all of the following EXCEPT... - the terms of the warranty - equipment required for installation - projected maintenance costs - code compliance |
Answer: Equipment req'd for installation
The other three must be comparable for a product to be approved as a substitute for a specified product. |
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Cash Allowance Specifications... |
...require the contractor to set aside money in the bid to be applied to the cost of an item of work once the level of quality is known |
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Construction work is divided among the construction trades in accordance with... |
- trade union rules - the general contractor's judgment NOT - the specifications - the drawings |
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Reference Specifications are... |
...used by architects to refer contractors to federal or other standard specifications that are to apply to work on the project |
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3 attributes about PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS. |
- they are best used for new or unusual situations - they include test parameters for the items specified - they made the contractor responsible for proper performance of the specified items. |
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Proprietary specifications |
list one or more acceptable products by name.
usually open, but may be closed on private projects |
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Which specification type "describes the desired end result?" |
Performance specifications |
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Descriptive Specifications (3 attributes) |
- they describe the arrangement and assembly of the components of the specified items - they explain all components of the specified items in detail - they make the architect responsible for proper performance of the specified items. |
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Which type of information is NOT normally contained in construction drawings? - Configurations - Level of Quality - Dimensions - Quantities |
Answer: Level of Quality This is indicated in the SPECIFICATIONS |
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Attributes of Master Specifications |
1) can be difficult to keep accurate and up to date 2) tend to reduce repetitive clerical work 3) make initial draft specifications available early in a project's development |
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quality control quality assurance TCM |
Quality control: carefully checking the work before it is distributed to the user... Quality Assurance: supplements quality control... requires that in designing, documenting, and constructing a building, the proper resources and scrutiny are applied to each part of the process in order to prevent errors before they are made TQM: Total quality management...incorporates quality control and quality assurance, but also includes all aspects of service to achieve the goal of customer satisfaction... |
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Vertical Forces Issues |
1) potential differential settlement caused by non-uniform soil conditions 2) Moisture in expansive soils, frost action, or a high water table exerting upward pressure on foundations 3) wind forces creating uplift on roofs and overhangs |
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In general, for seismic design, buildings should be as UNIFORM in configuration and stiffness as possible... furthermore, connections should allow a structure to act as a unit as much as possible. |
... just saying |
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Lateral forces 5... 5 things to consider |
1) providing reinforcing in underground walls to resist lateral forces EXERTED BY SOILS 2) providing drains to prevent or control hydrostatic pressure against underground walls and slabs 3) Detailing windows and other openings to resist both inward and outward wind pressures 4) Providing mechanical connections or weight on the roof membrane to resist upward forces created by winds 5) shaping buildings uniformly with relatively uniform stiffness and strength to resist seismic forces |
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Minimum slope of drain on roof |
1/4" per foot minimum slope |
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This image helps with what? |
Foundation drains help alleviate HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE. |
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SUBSURFACE WATERPROOFING |
Note placement of the waterproof membrane |
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Vapor Barrier goes on which side of the wall? |
The warm (usually interior) side of the wall or roof space prevents condensation of water vapor passing through and interior surface upon contact with a cold exterior wall. |
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Water and Moisture Control Bullets (8): |
1) Floodproofing by siting structures outside of flood plains, elevating buildings, or using methods of dry or wet floodproofing. 2) Providing proper flashing details at all roof penetrations, junctions, and terminations. 3) Using sealants or backing materials at junctions of vertical surfaces. 4) Using flashing, overlapping materials, and sealants at openings in vertical surfaces. 5) Selecting appropriate sealants with proper width-to-depth ratios at joints. 6) Sloping ground surfaces away from buildings for positive drainage. 7) Providing waterproof membranes and subsurface drains at building perimeters and, in some cases, under floor slabs. 8) Providing vapor barriers on the warm side of walls and roofs, combined with adequate ventilation to control condensation. |
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Materials that are naturally resistant to decay? |
Redwood Cedar Concrete |
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Electrolysis |
aka Galvanic Action: when two reactive materials (such as aluminum and steel) come in contact with each other. This might be where flashing meets other materials...this is bad because flashing is used at sensitive points where the building must be watertight |
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Termite and Insect Shields |
These must create a continuous barrier to the movement of insect in order to be effective. |
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VOC |
Volatile Organic Compound (found in coatings) |
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Owner Architect Agreement? |
B102 |
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What does "sick building syndrome" refer to or describe? |
Poor indoor air quality... usually a result of: - inadequate mechanical ventilation - germ-breeding filters and stagnant water or condensate - off-gassing from fabrics - coatings and backing materials - tobacco smoke - other toxic substances |
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Sloped roof have a pitch of ____:_____ or great |
4:12 |
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Wet flood-proofing |
When water is allowed to enter buildings |
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Exterior shading devices.... direction + strategy |
North - none South - horizontal East/West- vertical Egg-crate designs are efficient in hot climate because they screen out most, if not all, of the sun's rays |
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Materials will expand with heat |
aluminum expands at approximately 4 times the rate of masonry and twice that of concrete |
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Roofs absorb more heat than walls and as a result exert horizontal forces against walls. |
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Name some materials with low tensile strength |
masonry concrete this may crack due to movements caused by temperature changes |
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Control Joints |
Joints in concrete and plaster to allow for movement, otherwise unsightly cracks would occur |
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good materials for SOUND ABSORPTION
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lightweight, porous materials |
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good materials for SOUND ISOLATION |
heavy, impervious materials |
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impact noises, such as foot traffic, can be minimized by the use of.... |
resilient flooring |
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sound waves are transmitted over long distances through..... |
structural frames. Discontinuities at junctions of walls, partitions, floors, and ceiling, therefore, are valuable sounds control devices |
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NRC |
Noise Reduction Coefficient A rating that compares absorptive capabilities of acoustical materials |
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Acoustics: Thing to consider... (4) |
1) Sound, source, path, receiver 2) Sound Transmission Class (STC), Impact Isolation Class (IIC), ratings of walls and floor assemblies that equal or exceed required Noise Reduction (NR) criteria 3) Sealing joints, openings, and other penetrations in walls and ceiling/floors between spaces 4) Sound absorption within spaces |
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5 basic concepts concerning fire protection |
1. A fire in one building should not damage another building. 2. A building's construction should be able to withstand the effects of fire for a specified period of time. 3. The more hazardous the use, the more protection the building's construction must provide. 4. As the size of a building or the number of its occupants increases, the fire protection, fire separation, and required means of egress also increase. 5. Occupants should be provided with a direct and safe means of escape from a building in the event of fire. |
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Outline of Basic Steps in determining code compliance for a building design: |
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List the following in order of required accuracy (most to least) - Location of Property Line - Location of Column Center Lines - Dimensions of Concealed Concrete - Dimensions of Exposed Concrete - Cabinet Work |
Property Line Column Center Lines Cabinet Work Dimensions of Exposed Concrete Dimensions of Concealed Concrete |
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The principal consideration in acoustic control is the sound absorptive quality of the... |
CEILING |
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All of the following require details which allow for movement caused by thermal changes, EXCEPT - sheet metal rain gutters - metal storefronts and curtain walls - wood framing - concrete paving |
wood framing wood has a low coefficient of thermal expansion... |
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Life Safety Code....do what? |
they specify the location and number of exits in a building... they primarily address egress. |
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Who prepares shop drawings? |
FABRICATORS.... and they are then submitted to the general contractor and architect for review. NB: shop drawings DO NOT supersede contract documents. |
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Match items which method of fabrication concrete, elevators, light fixtures, cabinets, stairways, air conditioning job fabrication, manufactured, shop fabrication |
concrete: job fabrication elevators: shop fabrication light fixtures: manufactured cabinets: shop fabrication stairways: shop fabrication air conditioning: manufactured |
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4 COMPONENTS EVERY ARCHITECT IS FACED WITH
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1. COST
2. FUNCTION 3. AESTHETICS 4. TIME *5. SUSTAINABILITY |
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LIFE-CYCLE COSTING
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OPERATING
MAINTENANCE PERIODIC REPLACEMENT RESIDUAL VALUE |
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MATRIX COSTING
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FINDING BUDGETARY TRADE-OFFS BY COMPARING AND EVALUATING COST ELEMENTS IN A BROAD MATRIX OF INTERACTION
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SUSTAINABLE DESIGN SHOULD HAVE WHAT (6) GOALS?
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1. DESIGNS THAT USE LESS
2. DESIGNS THAT RECYCLE COMPONENTS 3. DESIGNS THAT HAVE COMPONENTS THAT ARE EASILY RECYCLABLE 4. DESIGNS THAT HAVE COMPONENTS THAT ARE FULLY BIODEGRADABLE 5. DESIGNS THAT ARE EFFICIENT 6. DESIGNS THAT GIVE BACK TO THE EARTH, IN THE FORM OF ENERGY. |
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6 GOALS OF LEED
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1. SUSTAINABLE SITES
2. WATER EFFICIENCY 3. ENERGY AND ATMOSPHERE 4. MATERIALS AND RESOURCES 5. INDOOR AIR QUALITY 6. INNOVATION AND DESIGN PRACTICE |
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LEED
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LEADERSHIP IN ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
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ASHRAE
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AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING ENGINEERS
...created one of the most widely recognized standards of energy design that is used by mechanical engineers and architects |
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AIA DOCUMENT A201
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GENERAL CONDITIONS OF THE CONTRACT FOR CONSTRUCTION (OWNER/CONTRACTOR AGREEMENT)… HAS STOOD THE TEST OF TIME AND LEGAL BATTLES… FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1911 AND HAS UNGONE COUNTLESS REVISIONS SINCE
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SUPPLEMENTARY GENERAL CONDITIONS
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WHEN A201 DOES NOT COMPREHENSIVELY ADDRESS THE EXACT REQUIREMENTS OF THE SPECIFIC PROJECT… USED TO MODIFY THE STANDARD FORMS
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SPECIAL CONDITIONS
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USED WHEN SUPPLEMENTARY CONDITIONS MUST BE FURTHER EXTENDED. (FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES REQUIRE THAT THEIR STANDARD CONDITIONS BE INCORPORATED INTO A CONTRACT, SPECIAL CONDITIONS MAY BE USED. LOCAL LAWS OR CUSTOMS MAY ALSO REQUIRE SPECIAL CONDITIONS.
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GENERAL REQUIREMENTS (DIFFERENCE FROM GENERAL CONDITIONS)
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GENERAL REQUIREMENTS = DIVISION 1. (GENERAL REQUIREMENTS DIVISION OF THE SPECIFICATIONS)
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GENERAL CONDITIONS
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CONDITIONS (A201) - ESTABLISHES THE CONTRACTOR'S LEGAL OBLIGATION TO REVIEW SHOP DRAWINGS PREPARED BY SUBS. THE CONTACTOR MUST APPROVE SUCH SHOP DRAWINGS AND POINT OUT ANY DEVIATIONS FROM THE CONTRACT DOCUMENTS PRIOR TO SUBMITTING THEM TO THE ARCHITECT.
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GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
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DEFINES THE SPECIFIC PROCEDURES THAT A CONTRACTOR MUST FOLLOW WITH REGARD TO THAT OBLIGATION.
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GENERAL CONDITIONS VS. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS (RELATIIONSHIP?)
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A DUTY IS ESTABLISHED IN THE GENERAL CONDITIONS, AND A MEANS FOR DISCHARGING THAT DUTY IS DEFINED IN THE GENERAL REQUIREMENTS DIVISION OF THE SPECIFICATIONS. (RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS ARE DEFINED IN THE GENERAL CONDITIONS)
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WHO OWNS DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS ACCORDING TO THE AIA STANDARD CONTRACTS
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THE ARCHITECT; THE CONTACTOR MUST RETURN THEM OR SUITABLY ACCOUNT FOR ALL SETS GIVEN TO DURING THIS TIME.
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SEPARATE PRIME CONTRACTS
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A PRIME CONTRACT IS ONE EXECUTED BETWEEN OWNER AND CONTRACTOR. SEPARATE PRIME CONTRACTS MAY BE USED IF AN OWNER WANTS TO, OR IS REQUIRED BY LAW TO, CONTRACT DIRECTLY WITH SEVERAL CONTRACTORS. (might be written for structural, HVAC, plumbing, electrical, or other major portions of the work). In this event, each set of contract documents requires its own agreement, conditions, drawings, specifications, and so forth, and there is no single contractor responsible for the whole project. Each is responsible for his portion of the construction work and to coordinate with the others.... because of problems relating to coordination or responsiblities, a construction manager may be retained to provide coordination services since no single contactor is responsible for the whole project.
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BONDS
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A201 - GIVES OWNERS THE RIGHT TO REQUIRE THE CONTRACTOR TO PROVIDE BONDS ASSURING THE CONTRACT WORK WILL BE PERFORMED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CONTRACT DOCUMENTS…THEY REDUCE AN OWNER'S RISK OF FINANCIAL LOSS IF A CONTRACTOR DEFAULTS IN PERFORMANCE OR DOES NOT PAY THE BILLS
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SPECIFIC BONDS
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PERFORMANCE BOND; LABOR AND MATERIAL PAYMENT BOND; BID BOND
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KEY PLAYERS IN A BOND
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BONDS ARE PROVIDED BY SURETY COMPANIES THAT GUARANTEE THAT THE CONTRACTOR (THE PRINCIPAL OR OLIGOR) WILL FULFILL THE CONTRACTUAL DUTIES TO THE OWNER (THE BENEFICIARY OR OBLIGEE).
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WHICH AIA DOCUMENT IS A BID BOND? |
A310 BID BONDS ARE USUALLY WRITTEN FOR 5-10% OF THE BID AMOUNT. |
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PROPERTY INSURANCE = BUILDER'S RISK INSURANCE |
THIS IS PURCHASED BY THE OWNER FOR THE "FULL INSURABLE VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK." |
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LOSS OF USE INSURANCE |
OWNER MAY OPT TO PURCHASE THIS INSURANCE TO PROTECT AGAINST LOSSES ARISING OUT OF DELAYS OR OTHER EVENTS THAT PREVENT AN OWNER FROM USING A PROJECT WHEN AND AS INTENDED. |
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WORKERS' COMPENSATION INSURANCE |
COVERS JOB-RELATED INJURIES AND IS USUALLY REQUIRED BY LAW, WHICH ALSO SETS REQUIRED LIMITS. |
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LIABILITY INSURANCE |
COVERS CLAIMS FOR DAMAGES FOR BODILY INJURY, SICKNESS, DISEASE, OR DEATH OF THE CONTRACTOR'S EMPLOYEES OR ANY OTHER PERSON. |
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PERSONAL INJURY INSURANCE |
COVERS LIBEL, SLANDER, FALSE ARREST, AND DEFAMATION OF CHARACTER |
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PROPERTY DAMAGE INSURANCE |
INTENDED TO COVER PROPERTY, OTHER THAN CONSTRUCTION WORK ITSELF, WHICH MAY BE DAMAGED BY CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES. USUALLY AN EXPLOSION, COLLAPSE, AND UNDERGROUND DAMAGES ARE EXCLUDED AND MUST BE ADDED BY ENDORSEMENT IF REQUIRED. |
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AUTOMOBILE LIABILITY INSURANCE |
COVERS CLAIMS FOR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF AN OWNED, NON-OWNED, OR HIRED AUTOMOBILE. |
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CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY INSURANCE |
COVERS LIABILITY ASSUMED BY CONTRACT. THIS IS PRIMARILY IN "INDEMNIFICATION" WHEREIN CONTRACTORS AGREE TO HOLD OWNERS AND ARCHITECTS HARMLESS FROM DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF SPECIFIED EVENTS. |
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PRODUCTS AND COMPLETED OPERATIONS COVERAGE |
CONTRACTORS ARE USUALLY REQUIRED TO OBTAIN THIS TYPE OF INSURANCE COVERS CLAIMS FOR BODILY INJURY OR PROPERTY DAMAGE ARISING FROM ACCIDENTS THAT MAY OCCUR AFTER THE CONSTRUCTION WORK HAS BEEN COMPLETED AND TURNED OVER TO THE OWNER |
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MECHANICS LIENS |
LIENS GIVE THE WORKER, CONTRACTOR, OR MATERIAL SUPPLIER THE RIGHT TO FORCE THE SALE OF AN OWNER'S PROPERTY IN ORDER TO SATISFY A CLAIM FOR PAYMENT. LIEN RIGHTS GIVE CONTRACTORS LEVERAGE OVER AN OWNER TO FORCE PAYMENT OF LEGAL CLAIMS BECAUSE VALID LIENS ENCUMBER AN OWNER'S TITLE TO THE PROPERTY. *LIENS ARE NOT PERMITTED ON PUBLICLY OWNED PROJECTS. INSTEAD LABOR AND MATERIAL BONDS PROVIDE THE NECESSARY PROTECTION. |
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A CONTRACTOR'S STAMP OF APPROVAL ON SHOP DRAWINGS MEANS THAT THE CONTRACTOR WILL OR HAS.. |
"DETERMINED AND VERIFIED MATERIALS, FIELD MEASUREMENT, AND FIELD CONSTRUCTION CRITERIA RELATED THERETO, OR WILL DO SO, AND HAS CHECKED AND COORDINATED THE INFORMATION CONTAINED WITHIN SUCH SUBMITTALS ..." *Because contractors have this obligation, architects should not review shop drawings unless they contain such a stamp of approval." |
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SCHEDULE BAR CHART/GANTT VS. CRITICAL PATH METHOD |
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SCHEDULE OF VALUES |
PRIOR TO SUBMITTING THE FIRST APPLICATION FOR PAYMENT, THE CONTRACTOR IS REQUIRED TO SUBMIT A SCHEDULE OF VALUES FOR ALL PARTS OF THE CONSTRUCTION WORK. THE ARCHITECT MUST DETERMINE THAT APPROPRIATE VALUES ARE ASSIGNED TO EACH PORTION OF THE WORK. |
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CERTIFICATE OF PAYMENT |
AN ARCHITECT ISSUES A "CERTIFICATE OF PAYMENT"... THE OWNER MUST THEN PAY THE CONTRACTOR AS STIPULATED IN THE CONTRACT DOCUMENTS
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SUBSTANTIAL COMPLETION |
ONCE A CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT IS SUBSTANTIALLY COMPLETE, A CONTRACTOR IS ENTITLED TO THE CONTRACT SUM (LESS THE VALUE OF INCOMPLETE WORK AND RETAINAGE)... UPON "FINAL COMPLETION" THE CONTRACTOR IS ENTITLED TO FINAL PAYMENT OFTEN TIMES, THE DATE OF SUBSTANTIAL COMPLETION IS THE SAME DATE THE CODE OFFICIAL MAY ISSUE A CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY. TECHNICAL DEFINITION: "WHEN THE OWNER CAN OCCUPY OR USE THE PROJECT FOR ITS INTENDED PURPOSE." AFTER PUNCH-LISTING AND APPROVAL, THE OWNER, THE CONTRACTOR, AND THE ARCHITECT MUST SIGN THE CERTIFICATE OF SUBSTANTIAL COMPLETION |
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WARRANTY PERIODS BEGIN AT SUBSTANTIAL COMPLETION |
...K? |
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CERTIFICATE OF SUBSTANTIAL COMPLETION AIA _ ___ |
G704 |
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WHEN DOES AN ARCHITECT inspect A PROJECT |
ONLY TWICE: - SUBSTANTIAL COMPLETION - FINAL COMPLETION |
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AIA CONSENT OF SURETY TO REDUCTION IN OR PARTIAL RELEASE OF RETAINAGE |
G707A It is essential for an owner to obtain the surety's written consent before any portion of the retainage is released to a contractor. |
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HOW LONG AFTER SUBSTANTIAL COMPLETION CAN AN OWNER EXPECT THE CONTRACTOR TO RETURN TO RIGHT DEFECTIVE WORK? |
ONE YEAR |
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RECORD DRAWINGS |
NOT EQUAL TO AS-BUILTS COPIES OF ALL DRAWINGS, SPECIFICATIONS, ADDENDA, CHANGE ORDERS, AND OTHER MODIFICATIONS AT THE SITE. ALL SHOP DRAWINGS, PRODUCT DATA, AND SAMPLES. AS-BUILTS MAY BE REQUIRED, BUT IT IS GENERALLY CONSIDERED A CHANGE-IN-SERVICES AND WOULD BE FOUND IN SUPPLEMENTARY CONDITIONS OR DIVISION ONE. |
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WHERE WOULD PROVISIONS FOR LIQUIDATED DAMAGES NORMALLY BE FOUND? |
OWNER-CONTRACTOR AGREEMENT |
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ARCHITECTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR PREPARING WHICH PARTS OF A PROJECT MANUAL? |
SPECIFICATIONS NOT: - GENERAL CONDITIONS - SUPPLEMENTARY CONDITIONS - OWNER-CONTRACTOR AGREEMENT |
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE NOT CONSIDERED PART OF THE CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT DOCUMENTS? - SPECS - ADDENDA - SHOP DRAWINGS - OWNER-ARCHITECT AGREEMENT - SUPPLEMENTARY CONDITIONS |
SHOP DRAWINGS ARE NOT CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS OWNER-ARCHITECT AGREEMENT...THE CONTRACTOR IS NOT A PARTY TO THIS AGREEMENT |
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WHEN DOES CONTRACT TIME END? |
IT ENDS AT SUBSTANTIAL COMPLETION (A DAY IS A CALENDAR DAY, NOT A WORKING DAY) |
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WHEN DOES A CONTRACT USUALLY BEGIN? |
USUALLY THE START OF CONSTRUCTION TIME. |
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WHEN DO WARRANTY PERIODS USUALLY BEGIN? |
BEGIN AT SUBSTANTIAL COMPLETION
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DURING THE CONSTRUCTION, LIABILITY INSURANCE SHOULD BE MAINTAINED BY WHOM? |
THE OWNER THE CONTRACTOR |
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**THERE IS NO CERTIFICATE OF FINAL COMPLETION** |
FINAL CERTIFICATE OF PAYMENT OR CERTIFICATE OF SUBSTANTIAL COMPLETION |
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LABOR OFTEN CONSTITUTES ____ % OF THE TOTAL CONSTRUCTION COST? |
APPROX. 50% |
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LABOR: Drawings and Specifications that -REDUCE ON-SITE LABOR -ENCOURAGE THE USE OF FACTORY LABOR will generally provide a less expensive project |
"Factory workers work under more controlled and efficient conditions than those for on-site construction workers." |
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______ ______ costs are INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL to ______ __________ |
long-term costs are inversely proportional to initial costs |
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When interest rates and financing costs are high, an owner may try for _____ _____ delivery, if the architect can provide acceleration of the design and construction processes |
fast-track |
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WHEN IS THE ARCHITECT REQUIRED TO PROVIDE THE OWNER WITH A PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE OF CONSTRUCTION COST? |
ONCE THE PROGRAM AND BUDGET ARE RECONCILED AND A SCHEMATIC DESIGN IS DEVELOPED ... BASED ON AREA OR VOLUME OR OTHER UNIT COST CRITERIA |
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THE BUDGET MUST BE ADJUSTED IF THE BIDDING OR NEGOTIATION HAS NOT COMMENCED WITHIN _____ DAYS AFTER SUBMISSION OF CONTRACT DOCUMENTS BY THE ARCHITECT TO THE OWNER |
90 |
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(3) TYPES OF COST ESTIMATING STRATEGIES |
1. AREA/VOLUME 2. SUBSYSTEMS - From a project's functional uses and assemblies.... good for comparison of basic systems like an exterior wall and its materials 3. QUANTITY AND COST or LABOR AND MATERIALS - requires detailed calculation of amount of each type of materials and labor necessary to produce required construction |
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SUBSYSTEMS CATEGORIES (EXAMPLE) |
1. FOUNDATION 2, SUBSTRUCTURE 3. SUPERSTRUCTURE 4, EXTERIOR ENCLOSURE 5. ROOFING 6. INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION 7. CONVEYING SYSTEMS 8. MECHANICAL SYSTEMS 9. ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 10. GENERAL CONDITIONS. 11. EQUIPMENT 12. SITE WORK |
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IN GENERAL LARGE BUILDINGS COST _____ PER UNIT AREA THAN SMALL ONES |
LESS |
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PAST 8-10 STORIES, THE TALLER A BUILDING GETS THE MORE EXPENSIVE... |
K? |
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PROJECT BUDGET IS NOT EQUAL TO DIRECT COST OF CONSTRUCTION |
PROJECT BUDGET ALSO INCLUDES: - Owner's in-house staff costs - Legal Fees - Land Acquisition - Demolition - Site Work - Landscaping - Furniture and Furnishings - Special Equipment - Professional Fees for Architects, Engineers - Insurance - Financing - Taxes During Construction - Contingencies |
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CPM |
CRITICAL PATH METHOD - CRITICAL PATH - FLOAT PATH - FLOAT (the difference in time duration between the critical path and any other path) |
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APPROXIMATELY HOW MUCH TIME SHOULD BE ALLOWED/ALLOTTED TO PREPARE A BID? |
2 WEEKS IS USUALLY THE MINIMUM. CAN BE 3-4 WEEKS UNDER SOME CIRCUMSTANCES. |
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PURPOSE OF SUPPLEMENTARY CONDITIONS? |
to modify the general conditions of the contract because of unusual or special circumstances or to accommodate specific project requirements. |
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PRE-BID CONFERENCE |
to allow an architect to inform contractors about unique or special aspects of a project. this information may preclude substitution of other solutions or details *questions and answers must be formalized in an addendum that becomes part of the bid documents. |
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BIDDING: Private versus Public |
Public: - advertisements to solicit competitive bids - bids are generally opened and read publicly. - owner is usually required to acceptthe lowest bid. Private: - invitations to bid (not public advertisements)... list of contractors usually provided by architect |
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Instructions to Bidders: AIA _ ___? |
A701 Establishes the basic requirements for bidding. 1. advertisement or invitation for bids 2. instruction to bidders and any supplementary instructions 3. the bid form 4. sample bidding and contract forms 5. propose contract documents, including addenda. |
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addenda and substitutions? time required before bid date? |
7 days prior to bid date to request clarification on unclear or ambiguous conditions in the drawings or specs. 10 days to propose a substitution. - if accepted by the architect and the owner, the architect issues an addendum to all bidders at least 4 days prior to the bid date. |
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Which BID gets awarded the project? |
The owner has the right to reject any or all bids. "LOWER RESPONSIBLE" OR "LOWEST AND BEST BIDDER." ... under these circumstances, the owner and architect must be able to substantiate that the low bidder is, in fact, not responsible. On public projects, usually the lowest bid, but the instructions may say otherwise. |
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FOR COST OF THE WORK PLUS FEE CONTRACTS, the general contractor or construction manager solicits bids from subcontractors when the bid documents are ready... on FAST TRACK projects, certain trades may be bid in advance of other trades |
k? |
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BID SECURITY |
The required amount of bid security may be stated either as a FIXED SUM or AS A PERCENTAGE OF A BID PRICE. Normally the amount is between 5-10% of the estimated contract price. |
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AIA Owner-Architect Agreement? _ ___? |
B102 |
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A201 |
AIA General Conditions of the Contract for Construction |
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Who can order work to be stopped on a job site? |
ONLY the owner. Not the architect. |
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Professional Liability Insurance |
Protects an architect against claims which may arise out of his or her negligent acts, errors, or omissions during the performance of professional services.
AKA: - errors and omissions insurance - malpractice insurance |
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Levels of defense for owner from contractor |
1. Retainage. (some %-age of money owed to contractor) Paid in full after all work has been performed properly and 2. Require contractor of have a Labor and Material Bond that guarantees payment for labor and materials if the contractor fails to pay for them. 3. Require contractor to submit an affidavit and releases of liens before the contractor is entitled to receive final payment. |
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ARBITRATION |
the arbitrator hears the arguments and makes a decision based on the facts and the law as he or she understands them. he is not required to give any reasons for his or her decision. the decision is final and binding and cannot be appealed. there is generally not legal requirement that the parties must agree to arbitration, but for architects and for standard AIA agreements, it is the norm |
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bond surety principal obligee |
a bond is essentially a guarantee. the surety is the party that issues the bond and guarantees that the principal, the contractor, will perform certain acts to be undertaken for the benefit of the obligee, the owner. |
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difference between a bond and insurance |
bond: there is no expectation of loss with a bond, the bank, the owner, and the contractor all believe the contractor is capable of doing the work... but bonds are usually required because of the significant financial risk associated insurance: anticipates the possibility of loss and is written with the expectation that events will occur to cause a loss. However, it is not known which individual in a group of insured will suffer the loss. |
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Purpose of Bid Bond (2) |
1. That the bidder will, in fact, enter into contractor with the owner at the price and on the terms stated in his or her bid. 2. That the bidder will provide a performance and labor and material payment bond |
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Performance and Material Bond |
protects the owner against claims by subcontractors and suppliers who are not paid by the contractor |
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Property Insurance = Builder's Risk Insurance |
OWNER is responsible for buying this coverage. |
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Subrogation |
a procedure by which an insurance company, after it pays a loss to its insured, can attempt to recover this amount from some other party who may have actually caused the loss. *An insurance company cannot recover from its own insured, whether or not the insured was at fault. **Standard AIA Docs contain a waiver of subrogation clause. |
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SHOP DRAWING ARE/ ARE NOT PART OF THE CONTRACT DOCUMENTS |
NOT PART OF THE CONTRACT DOCUMENTS *the contract documents are prepared by the architect *the shop drawings are prepared by the contractor |
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2 standard Specifications Systems? |
CSI (Construction Specifications Institute) PSD (Professional Systems Division) |
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OSHA |
Occupational Safety and Health Act (1970) On a construction site, the contractor has the responsibility for OSHA compliance. |
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Who can stop the work? |
ONLY THE OWNER must be in writing and signed by the owner |
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Test and Inspections? -approval -who pays? |
Contractor informs Architect when ready for a test or inspection... Architect must get written permission from owner to proceed. Owner pays. *IF THE WORK IS DEFICIENT, THE CONTRACTOR MUST PAY FOR THE TESTING OR INSPECTION |
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Testing Standards |
ASTM American Standard for Testing and Materials (generally, the basis for testing, industry-wise) |
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Change Order |
A Change Order is a written instrument prepared by the Architect and signed by the Owner, Contractor, and Architect, stating their agreement upon all of the following 1) change in the work 2) the amount of the adjustment in CONTRACT SUM 3) the amount of the adjustment in CONTRACT TIME |
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When there is not TOTAL AGREEMENT between owner, architect, and contractor for a change, a ______ ________ is used |
CHANGE DIRECTIVE If a construction change directive is signed by the owner and the architect, the contractor is obligated to perform the work described in it. (when the owner and the contractor are unable to agree on the construction change directive amount by any of the approved methods, the cost of work is determined by the architect... by monitoring the contractor's actual expenditures of time, materials, and overhead.) |
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Proposal Request _ ___? |
G709 Used by the architect to outline the work anticipated for a change order. |
