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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Direct Primary |
Election in which voters choose party nominees. |
Party nominees |
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Initiative |
Procedure whereby a certain number of voters may, by petition, propose a law or constitutional amendment and have it submitted to the voters. |
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Referendum |
Procedure for submitting to popular vote measures passed by the legislature or proposed amendments to a state constitution. |
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Recall |
Procedure for submitting to popular vote the removal of officials from office before the end of their term. |
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Writ of Mandamus |
Court order directing an official to perform an official duty. |
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Impeachment |
Formal accusation by the lower house of legislature against a public official, the first step in removal from office. |
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Executive Order |
Directive issued by a president or governor that has the force of law. |
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Executive privilege |
The power to keep executive communications confidential, especially if they relate to national security |
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Impoundment |
Presidential refusal to allow an agency to spend funds that Congress authorized and appropriated |
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Devolution revolution |
The effort to slow the growth of the federal government by returning many functions to the states. |
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Express powers |
Powers the Constitution specifically grants to one of the branches of the national government |
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Implied powers |
Powers inferred from the express powers that allow Congress to carry out its functions. |
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Inherent powers |
The powers of the national government in foreign affairs that the Supreme Court has declared do not depend on constitutional grants but rather grow out of the very existence of the national government. |
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Commerce clause |
The clause in the Constitution (Article 1, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations. |
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Federal Mandate |
A requirement the federal government imposes as a condition for receiving federal funds |
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Concurrent powers |
Powers that the Constitution gives to both the national and state governments, such as the power to levy taxes. |
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Full faith and credit clause |
Clause in the Constitution (Article 4, Section 1) requiring each state to recognize the civil judgments rendered by the courts of the other states and to accept their public records and acts as valid. |
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Extradition |
Legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one states to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed. |
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Interstate compact |
An agreement among two or more states. Congress must approve most such agreements. |
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National supremacy |
Constitutional doctrine that whenever conflict occurs between the constitutionally authorized actions of the national government and those of a state or local government, the actions of the federal government will prevail. |
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Preemption |
The right of a federal law or a regulation to preclude enforcement of a state or local law or regulation |
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Centralist |
People who favor national action over action at the state and local levels. |
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Decentralists |
People who favor state or local action rather than national action. |
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Weaknesses of the Articles of confederation |
🔷Articles created a "league of friendship" between the states 🔷Congress could not tax; it could only request contributions from the states 🔷Congress could not regulate interstate commerce or foreign trade 🔷No separate executive to enforce the acts of Congress 🔷No national judiciary to handle state disputes 🔷States and national government had the power to coin money 🔷Each state had one vote, regardless of size or population 🔷9 out of 13 States required to pas legislation |
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Legislative branch over the Executive (checks and balances) |
♦ Creates executive agencies and programs ♦ Appropriates funds |
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Legislative branch over the Judiciary (checks and balances) |
♦Creates lower federal courts ♦ Sets salaries of federal judges ♦ May refuse to confirm judicial appointments ♦ May propose constitutional amendments which overrule court decisions ♦ May impeach and remove federal judges |
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Executive branch over the Legislative branch |
♦President may call special sessions of Congress ♦ President may recommend legislation |
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Executive branch over the Judiciary |
♦President appoints federal judges ♦ President may grant reprieves and pardons to federal offenders ♦ May refuse to enforce court decisions |
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Judicial branch over the Legislative branch |
🔶Chief justice presides over impeachment of president |
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Marble cake federalism(cooperative) |
the national and state governments sharing policymaking and cooperating in solving problems |
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layer cake federalism (dual federalism) |
the national and state governments each remaining supreme within their own sphere of influence |
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Fiscal federalism |
The national government's patterns of spending, taxation, and providing grants to influence state and local governments |
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Grants-in-aid programs |
money and resources provided by the federal government to the state and local governments to be used for specific projects or programs 🔶Building canals, roads |
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Block grants |
general grants that can be used for a variety of purposes within a broad category 🔑education 🔑health care 🔑public services |
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Categorical grants |
grants that have a specific purpose defined by law ♣school lunch programs ♣sewage treatment facilities |
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Revenue sharing |
"no strings attached" form of aid to state and local governments ♦can be used for any project but cannot exceed more than 2% of revenues (Was eliminated) |
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Mandates |
requirements that are imposed by the national government on the state and local governments ♦ADA ♦Most mandates were unfunded until the Unfunded Mandate Reform Act |
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