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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What newspaper used the term 'Butskellism' and what did it mean? |
'The economist'-a mixture of the names of Tory Chancellor R.A Butler and Labour shadow chancellor Hugh Gaitskell. Described the economic and welfare policies associated with post war consensus
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Who was Prime Minster 1951?
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Winston Churchill
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How old was Churchill when he took office?
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76 |
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What was Churchill described as and why?
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A 'caretaker' prime minister because he had lacked the drive he once had during war period |
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Who was Prime minister 1955-57? |
Anthony Eden |
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What was Eden's job under Churchills wartime government? |
Foreign Minister |
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Why was Eden initially popular? |
Was young and had a good wartime record
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Why did Eden call an election in 1955? |
So he had a strong mandate
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How many seats to the Conservatives get in comparison to Labour? |
Labour: 277 (-18) |
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What were GB'S unemployment figures in 1955 and what was so important about this? |
215,000-only 1% of workforce - lowest figure in recent history
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Who owned the Suez Canal? |
GB and France
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Why was the Suez canal important to GB? |
The route to India which was used to ship oil to GB, US and Europe
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Who was Egyptian president at this time? |
Colonel Nasser
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What did Nasser threaten to do to Suez Canal? |
Nationalise it |
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What was Eden's fear about Nasser and Canal? |
Nasser had close relations with USSR and feared canal would fall into soviet hands-disrupting GB trade links |
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Who did GB devise a plan with and what was this plan? |
France and Israel and to invade Suez Canal zone |
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Who was angry with Eden when news about Suez Canal got out? |
President Eisenhower |
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What did Eisenhower threaten to do if GB invaded Egypt? |
Sell US reserves of the pound and collapse it's value
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What did Eden decide to do in light of Eisenhower's threat?
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Pulled out of invasion to avoid economic collaspse and resigned
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What did the Suez Crisis show about GB?
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There was a significant reduction in GB world power and recognition that GB couldn't act independently without US approval
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Who was Harold Macmillan in Eden's government? |
Chancellor of Exchequer
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By how many seats did Tory government win by in 1959? |
21 |
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What was a problem with the recovering post war economy? |
If wages rose too quickly, spending would increase, which would leave to spending increasing also |
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What was the problem with this increased spending and trade? |
As wages rose, demands for imports increased which threated to put back trade deficit |
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What was the main policy between 1951-64 to balance wages and spending? |
STOP-GO POLICIES !!!!!
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When were 'stop' policies used?
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Whenever wages and spending looked like it was getting too high
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What are some examples of 'stop' policies?
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Limiting imports, capping wages of state employees, raising interest rates on borrowing and raising taxes |
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What was the intention of 'stop' policies?
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Intended to slow consumer spending to prevent rising inflation |
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When were 'go' policies used?
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When the economy was stagnating |
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What are some examples of 'go' policies? |
Tax cuts, lower interest rates, caps of wages lifted |
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What was the intention to 'go' policies?
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To renew the public spending power |
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What were issues of 'stop-go' policies?
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1) seemed that the government were making it up as they went along 2) 'Go' policies led to a temporary, unsustainable boom 3) 'Stop' policies didn't allow long term economic growth |
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What was the issue in manufacturing?
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GB manufacturing was in decline compared to other countries e.g shipbuilding and textiles came from far east |
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What was the economic situation by 1964?
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Still a trade deficit and unemployment was up to nearly a million (North and Scotland hit worst again) |
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What was positives about tax cuts?
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Gained temporary popularity
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What was a problem of tax cuts?
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Reduced government ability to invest in welfare services
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What did increase under the Tories?
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Benefit spending
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Why was there an increase of benefit spending?
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Increased population-wasn't necessarily to help poor |
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What was an issue with new houses built?
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Went to private owners rather than poor council tenants
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What were the views of the declining GB empire at this time?
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Some Tories refused to except this fact and others were more prepared? |
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What were the policies which have mixed signals on the Tories stance on the decline of GB empire?
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1) Decolonization 2) Defence 3) EEC |
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What was decolonization policy?
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Macmillan was prepared to accept empire was declining and granted independence to many African colonies |
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Who wasn't in favour of declining empire?
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Winston Churchill
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What in defence did Tories spend a lot of money on?
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Nuclear weapons |
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What does the large investment in nuclear weapons suggest?
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Government still aspired to keep GB as a world power |
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Why did this heavy investment in defence annoy Labour?
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Some believed it was a waste of money which should have been spent on more important things such as NHS
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When was European community set up?
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1957 |
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What 6 countries made up European community?
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France, Belgium, West Germany, Holland, Italy and Luxembourg |
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What was the purpose of the EEC?
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to foster and friendly relationship to prevent future wars and create a 'common market' by encouraging free trade |
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Who originally didn't want to join EEC?
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Churchill, Eden and Macmillan
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Why did some oppose joining EEC?
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They favoured GB's existing common market and feared they would lose control of the economy
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Which Tory was keen to join EEC and who changed his mind?
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Ted Heath and Harold Macmillan |
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Why did Macmillan and others change minds about EEC?
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Countries who had joined had economic booms-saw the economic success it was -not joining in 1957 was a mistake |
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When did GB apply to EEC and who rejected their application?
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1961 and France |
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When did GB eventually join EEC?
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1973 |
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What were the 3 major scandals between 1962-63?
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1) John Vassal '62 2) Harold 'Kim' Philby '63 3) The Profumo affair '63 |
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How did these three scandals link together?
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Involved security threats of important GB information due USSR spies |
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Who succeeded Macmillan?
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Alec Douglas-Home |
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What was the issue with Douglas-Home?
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Was a compromise candidate, lacked charisma, had v. aristocratic background (was knighted and a lord) |
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Due to his privileged background, what was Douglas-Home accused of?
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Being out of touch with ordinary voters |
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Who were the three politicians that resigned in 1959 and what was there role? |
Chancellor of Exchequer: Peter Thorneycroft Treasury Minsiter: Nigel Birch Financial secretary to the treasury: Enoch Powell |
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Why did 3 politicians resign in 1957? |
They believed Macmillans government was spending too much which could cause future economic problems. They also believed inflation was the biggest threat to the economy no unemployment |
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What did the 3 politicans propose instead? |
Spending cuts, tax rises and an end to subsidies to nationalised industries |
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What was the 'mixed economy' that the conservatives believed in? |
A mixture of nationalised industry and private companies |
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Did the three resignations have impact on public? |
Initial embarrassment but due to low unemployment levels and low inflation, had little impact |
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Why did Tory popularity start to decline in 1962? |
Those in his government were from very priveledged backgrounds (35 memebrs of government were former Etonians) |
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Who was Labour leader under Macmillan? |
Hugh Gaitskell then Harold Wilson |
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What did Gaitskell and Wilson accuse Tories of? |
That they had risen to success because of their connections and not their ability |
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What was the event that became known as the 'Night of long Knives'? |
Macmillan sacked 7 ministers from his cabinet and replaced them with younger men |
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Why did MacMillan sack so many ministers? |
To change the image of the ageing and priveledged Tories
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Who just became US president in 1960 and WAS young and popular (unlike Tories themselves) ? |
JFK |
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What dominated Newspapers and TV's in late 50s and 60s? |
Youth, teenage culture
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What impact did the, 'Night of Long Knives' have?
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MacMillan was seen as ruthless but the widespread sacking proved popular and showed MacMillan was capable of tacking action.
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What were positives of Alec Douglas-Home? |
Skilled PM and astuite politician |
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How long did 50s and 60s economic boom last? |
Till 70s |
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What was happening to GB economy in 50s and 60s? |
In a consumer spending boom but still declining
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What did Tories economically oppose?
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No further Nationalisation and wanted to end wartime rationing and controls over economy |
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When was rationing offically ended? |
1954
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What were to Tories commited too as a result of consensous? |
Full employment
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What were unemployment figures during period? |
averaged at 500,000 with lows of 300,000 |
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Names three colonies GB decolonised? |
Kenya 1963, Malyasia 1957, Ghana, 1957 |
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Why were stop-go policies referred to as a failure? |
A failure of government policy to develop consistent policies to ensure growth
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Which two countries economy were alarmingly out competing GB? |
West Germany and Japan |
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How much growth did Japan experience in 1960 compaired to GB? |
Japan: 12% growth
GB: 4% growth |
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What did Macmillan believes in when it came to social division? |
'One nation conservatism'-a united GB, despite social class which could work togteher to solve problems
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What was corporatism? |
Coporalists believed uniting labour, managemnt and government would cause economic goals to be acheived |
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What two organisations were set up as a result as Macmillan's corporatism in 1962? |
NEDDY and NICKY
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What did the organisation of NEDDY stand for? |
The national development council and office |
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What was NEDDY? |
An institution where management and unions could discuss economy and co-operate together |
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What was the problem with NEDDY? |
Was unable to force any legal control over industry or unions-hoped they would volunteer
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What did NICKY stand for?
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The National incomes comission
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Whats was NICKY and what was its role? |
An advisory council of economists and industry experts which gave guidance to employers and unions about what the government thought were 'reasonable' pay rises |
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What was the problem with NICKY? |
Couldn't efforce any decisions so unions mostly ignored calls for wage restrictions
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Why did unions not want wage restrictions?
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Members wanted improved living conditions and greater spending power to partake in the consumer boom |
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What was the unemployment rate in 1963?
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878,000-highest since end of war
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What were economic impacts of increased consumer spending?
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Increased demand for foreign imports, causing problems with balance of payment defecit |
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What did Macmillan do in 1961 about the value of the pound? |
Nothing-refused to devaule it and instead borrowed £714m from IMF to support it
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What was the rise in trade union membership? |
1940: 6,613
1960: 9,835 |
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What type of leadership emerged within Trade unions and give an example? |
Leaders with priveledged backgrounds started to emerge e.g Vic Feathers and Len Murray of TUC |
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What was the problem with the new type of trade union leadership? |
Leaders had experienced 20s and 30s depression whereas young memebrs hadn't. Young members wanted less socialists principles but wage rises to participate in consumer boom |
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Who did young trade union members compare themselves too? |
Unpaid shop stewards |
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What were the problem of stewards? |
They built power bases, called strikes (even though they had no constituitonal right), staged walk outs |
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Who attempted a concilatory policy? |
Walter Monckton-Minister of Labour
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How many strikes were there in the Tory dominance in comparison the Labour gov. 1945? |
1945-54: 1,751 strikes per year-involved 500,000 workers
1955-64: 2,521 strikes per year-involved 1.1m workers |
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What 1961 hit comedy film satirised GB industry relations?
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'I'm Alright Jack'
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What book did Macmillan write in 1938 and what was it about?
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'The middle way' and about conservative welfarism
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What was conservative walfarism? |
Advocating government action to regulate private enterprise and to end social depreviation through welfare
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What did Macmillan want to ensure through welfare? |
That there was no return to the poverty of the 1930s
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Who's moral duty did he believe it was to help the poor? |
Upper and middle class' |
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Who proposed cuts to welfare and was therefore in minority? |
Treasury Minister: Enoch Powell
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Who spent more on welfare in 50s and 60s than GB? |
France and Germany |
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What was the rise in GB GDP spent on welfare and how much was also taken up by pensions? |
GDP spent on welfare rose from 3% to 4% and pensions took up a further 3% |
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What did the Child Poverty action group claim in 1963? |
That 720,000 children were living in poverty |
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What caused the debates about welfare? |
It's increasing cost and persistant poverty led to some questioning its effetiveness |
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What education report was in 1959? |
Crowther Report
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What education report was in 1963? |
Newsomm Report
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What did both these reports add encouragment towards?
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Growth of comprehensive schools
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Why was the Crowther report admissioned?
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Government was concious of changing social and industrial needs of society and therefore changes in education was required |
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What were the 7 recommendations Crowther report made?
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1) School leaving age should be 16
2)Create more country colleges and technical schools for post 16 educations 3) Have 6th form teachers of the 'highest intellectual callibre' 4) Widen number of sixth form courses 5)Don't treat those not going to uni second best 6)Enable all capable students to take O-levels 7) Faclitate a large no. of teachers to bring about these changes |
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When were A-levels and O-levels introduced? |
1951
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What was the title of the Newsomm Report? |
'Half our Future'
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What was the role of the Newsomm Report?
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To examine education provisions of low ability children |
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What were the 2 main findings of the Newsomm report?
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1) Failings in education in poor areas
2) Inner city schools had a high turnover of teachers (little continuity) |
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What did the Newsomm report recommend? |
1) New focus on research into teaching methods to lower ability students
2) moore attention to teach deprived children social and personal skills 3) Sex educations essential 4) A government party set up to examine links between deprivation and poor education 5) More practical subjects provided for lower ability students 6) Shouldn't make children sit exams if not appropriate |
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What was the problem with universities in the 1960s? |
Offered very few science courses with many prioritising arts-were an instituion resistant to change |
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What university commitee was set up in 1961? |
Robbins committee
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What truths did the Robbins committee state?
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1) GB was being overtaken by other countries in terms of uni performance 2) Recommended a goal of 5x more student places by 1980 |
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That were the 5 goals that they stated uni education should acheive?
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1) Must give 'instruction skills' to ensure country has a compentant workforce
2) Must develop 'general powers of mind' in students to ensure they are broadly well educated 3) Teaching academics should continue research 4)Teaching also has a social role |
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What were some of the results of the Robbins commitee? |
University of East sussex set up in 1961 and a Univsersity in Kent which both adopted a multi disciplinery approach to learning so students could learn a range of subjects instead of just one |
