Conservation Biology Twu Test 1Chapter 5

Front 1

Option Value –

Back 1

potential value that species/communities might have at some time in the future

Front 2

Non-consumptive use value

Back 2

(public goods, or Indirect Use Value ) – Goods and services that benefit or are of use to the public (carbon dioxide, forest health [fire avoidance], pollinators, watershed health…see table on pp 112, the concept of carbon bonds and carbon debt).

Front 3

indirect use values (non-consumptive use value) examples

Back 3

•regulating global processes, the regulation of atmospheric gases that affect global and local climates and the air we breathe;
•soil and water conservation, maintaining the hydrologic cycle and controlling erosion;
•nutrient cycling, the control of nutrient and energy flow through the planet, for example, waste decomposition and detoxification, soil renewal, nitrogen fixation, and photosynthesis;
•a genetic library which provides a source of information to create better agricultural crops or livestock;
•maintenance of plant reproduction through pollination and seed dispersal, in those plants we rely on for food, clothing or shelter;
•control of agricultural pests and disease;
•provide a source of inspiration to solve agricultural, medical, manufacturing problems; and
•provide tourism and recreation opportunities.

Front 4

Existence Value

Back 4

recognized value of biological diversity that people will pay to save it from extinction – the giant redwoods, bottle nose dolphins, sea otters, pandas, wild elephants, a pride of lions….What price will people pay to say they have seen a whale breach, a mountain gorilla defecate? Bequeathed value is the price people will pay to insure that future descendants will enjoy the diversity. These are all estimates of existence value.

Front 5

ecotourism

Back 5

special category of recreation that involves people visiting places and spending money wholly or in part to experience unusual biological communities (ex rain forest, coral reef, deserts) pg 102

Front 6

bequest value

Back 6

how much people are willing to pay to protect something of value for their own children and descendants or for future generations pg 110

Front 7

bioprospecting

Back 7

the activity of continually searching the biological communities of the world for new plants, animals, fungi, and microorganism taht can be used to fight human diseases or to provide some other economic value pg 105

Front 8

Biopiracy is...

Back 8

past and present unauthorized collecting of biological materials for commerical purposes.

pg. 109

Front 9

Existence value is...

Back 9

the amount people are willing to pay to prevent species from going extinct, habitats from being destroyed, and genetic variation from being lost.

pg. 109

Front 10

Beneficiary value is...

same as bequest value

Back 10

a component of existence value that concerns how much people are willing to pay to protect something of value for future generations.

pg. 109

Front 11

One calculation suggests that the nonconsumptive use value...

Back 11

greatly exceeds teh direct use value of biodiversity.

pg. 92

Front 12

One could say that if natural ecosystem services were permatnently degraded, human societies...

Back 12

would not persist, because were are totally dependent on them.

pg. 92

Front 13

Some crucial ecosystems, especially marshes, ar vulnerable to...

Back 13

global climate change and associated rising sea levels.

pg. 92

Front 14

Two other ways of valuing biodiversity are:

Back 14

1. option value- the value that biodiversity may have in the future

2. existence value- the amount that people are willing to pay to protect biodiversity

pg. 92

Front 15

Even when degraded or damaged ecosystems are rebuilt or restored at great expense...

Back 15

they often do not function as well as before and almost certainly do not contain their original species composition or species richness.

pg. 93

Front 16

Plots with greater diversity of species showed an increased ability to...

Back 16

withstand drought and resist invasion of outside species.

pg. 94

Front 17

Plant foliage and dead leaves...

Back 17

intercept the rain and reduce its impact on the soil.

pg. 94

Front 18

Pland roots and soil organisms...

Back 18

aerate the soil, increasing its capacity to absorb water.

pg. 94

Front 19

The risk of flooding would be substantially reduced if...

Back 19

even a small portion of the wetlands along these rivers were restored to their original condition.

pg. 95

Front 20

Wetland can also be valued by...

Back 20

the amount that developers have to pay to create new wetlands in compensation for ones destroyed by large projects.

pg. 97

Front 21

Increases in waterborne disease and intestinal ailments and their effects...

Back 21

add to the estimates of the economic value of water and the natural systems that provide it.

pg. 97

Front 22

When aquatic communities (swamps, tidal marshes,estuaries, etc) are damaged and degraded - must be installed

Back 22

expensive pollution treatment facilities

Front 23

Aquatic biological communities also play an important role

Back 23

in processing, storaging, and recycling the large amount of nutrients that enter the ecosystem as sewage and agricultural runoff, allowing these nutrients to be absorbed by photosynthetic organisms, also a matrix for bacteria to fix atmospheric nitrogen

Front 24

plants communities are important in moderating

Back 24

moderating local, regional and probably even global climate conditions (trees act as windbreak, provide shade and transpire water, this lowers temperatures)

Front 25

At the regional level plants do this to moderate temperature

Back 25

plants capture water that falls as rain, then transpire it back into the atmosphere, then it rains back down again

Front 26

At the global level, loss of plants may do this to

Back 26

loss of vegetation from large forested regions such as the Amazon basin or western Africa may resule in a reduction of average annual rainfall or greatly altered weather patterns, also a riese in carbon dioxide level leading to global warming

Front 27

Wild insect pollinators value will go up in the near future. Why?
pg99

Back 27

Honey bee population is decreasing due to disease and pests, they are currently the main source of pollination.

Front 28

Wild plant species with fruit depend on what to disperse seeds?
pg99

Back 28

Fruit eating animals act as see dispersers

Front 29

Forrest Trees and Crop Plants with Soil organisms
pg100

Back 29

One of the most economically significant relationships in the ecosystem.
Poor growth and die back is attributed to acid rain and air pollution on soil fungi.

Front 30

Environmental Monitors
pg101

Back 30

Certain species are particularly sensitive to ecochange.
-Example: Algal blooms in shallow marine waters can provide a warning to the contamination of shellfish

Front 31

Dangers of Ecotourism?
pg102

Back 31

Tourists unknowingly damaging by trampling wildflowers, breaking coral or disrupting the wild life, therefor contributing to the degradation and disturbance of sensitive areas

Front 32

Plants with beneficial genes are being spliced...
pg108

Back 32

to be transferred into other plants to grow as crops
-Example: Ginko Trees