Conservation Biology Midterm-Biodiversity 3

Front 1

Shannon-Weiner Index

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measures relative abundance of individual species~H1=∑pi log pi (log base 10) ex: 0.3 log(0.3)=0.157 ~value in this # is allows communities to be compared to each other~reversing calculation using 10x ex: 100.571=3.72 gives EXP (S-W index) # of equally abundant species which may be a more intuitive representation

Front 2

Simpson’ Index

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measures relative abundance ~D-1/∑pi2~

Front 3

Rarity-weighted Richness Index

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measures geographic extent of species distribution and heavily weights rarity~used frequently by TNC~∑1/hi, where hi is geographic index of species i (count cells containing each species), the higher the number the higher the diversity

Front 4

plantation forestry and diversity (article review)-

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reviewed 136 articles
-looked at variety of habitat types world wide
-looked at mean spp richness including natives, endemics and exotics
-transition to plantation forest decreased diversity in grasslands,
-degraded pastureland increased in diversity when transitioned to plantation
-in secondary forests diversity increased due to exotics

Front 5

reducing threats to biodiversity and calculating amount of threat reduction (article review)-

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-indirect measure of biodiversity because if you reduce the threat then biodiversity must be increasing
-method to measure threats to biodiversity and how to measure reductions to those threats (i.e. removal of sand, illegal commercial hunting, increasing elephant populations)

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Molecular ecology (article review)-

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-tissue samples and DNA analysis -looked at female sperm whale migrations thru genetic relationships -females return to same areas they were raised in to raise young-males travel -helps explain evolution of diversity and understand important areas to protect -general rule in mammalogy that females remain and males disperse

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Giant Panda populations in SE asia (article review)-

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trying to determine reasons for population reductions to 6 mountainous areas -when did pop start to decline and did this correspond with increase in human population -looked at DNA -decline started ~300yrs ago when human pops in area started to increase and land use changed, introduction of non native crops and agriculture, loss of bamboo forests due to agriculture conversion -have relocated pandas to reserve but not a very good one

Front 8

measures of biodiversity

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alpha diversity, genetic diversity, population diversity, ecosystem diversity

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alpha diversity

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-simple count of number of species

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genetic diversity

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-number of alleles per locus
-percentage of polymorphic loci (genes that vary)
-degree of heterozygosity
-inbreeding coefficient-measure of how close of relatives you are breeding with)

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population diversity

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-geographic distributions
-cone collections-break forest into seed zones-500’ elevation bands-added aspect (N, E, S, W) or finer (SE ect..)-added soil types-builds a mosaic of the forest based on elevation, aspect and soil type that are “seed zones” collect seeds from every zone every year and replant trees with seedlings from that same seed zone
probably still a reduction in diversity but wind pollination helps contribute male genes to seed trees

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ecosystem or community diversity or biome diversity

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hard to measure and quantify-no good method-