Cons Thought Ex2

Front 1

robert johnson visits yosemite with muir

Back 1

1889

camp in tuolumine

disturbed by logging / mining grazing effects there

decide muir will write articles to promote
-johnson will will lobby in DC
*to push for nat'l park*

Front 2

johnson and muir succeed in getting area designated as natl park

Back 2

1890

1512 sq miles protected (NOT yosemite valley tho)

need citizens group to help protect park
(existing group in berkely interested)

Front 3

sierra club founded

Back 3

1892

founded by muir
+ professors & scientists from berkeley

Front 4

congressional attempt to shrink yosemite

Back 4

1892

Front 5

sierra club buliton published

Back 5

1893

combo of science & trip reports

Front 6

"mountains of california" published

Back 6

1894

by muir

Front 7

1st sierra club annual meeting

Back 7

1895

muir speaks

thank god army is protecting yosemite
--citizens should remain alert

Front 8

will colby

Back 8

1898

lives in sierra club cabin in yosemite valley

Front 9

1st sierra club "high trip"

Back 9

1901

attempt to generate interest in conservation and recreation (even when no obvious threat)

Front 10

teddy roosevelt visits yosemite with muir

Back 10

1903

trying to get yosemite valley included in yosemite nat'l park

Front 11

boundaries of park re-drawn!

Back 11

1905

cali agrees to turn valley over to federal

Front 12

yosemite/muir/sierra club timeline

Back 12

1889-johnson visits yosemite w muir

1890-park of yosemite turns into nat'l park

1892 - sierra club founded

1892 - first attempt to shrink yosemite

1893 - sierra club bulliton published

1894 - 'mountains of california' published

1895 - first sierra club annual meeting

1898 - colby lives in cabin

1901 - first "high trip"

1903- roosevelt and muir visit yosemite

1905 - boundaries of park redrawn!

Front 13

aim of hays' book

Back 13

to provide a context to understand the contemporary enviro movement

2 conflicting political views / processes:

1- demand for integreted controlled developement guided by elite group of scientists

2- demand for a looser system allowing grassroots to have a voice thru elected representatives

Front 14

first reform era

Back 14

years before the civil war

efforts to improve society
(humanize the treatment of mentally ill, abolitionism (get rid of slavery)

Front 15

second reform era

Back 15

during reconstruction

after civil war & WWI

womens rights, farm movement, urban problems

*** progressivism emerges***

Front 16

progressivism from 2nd reform era

Back 16

comes from beleifs....

-man is capable of improving society for all

-remove corruption

-involve more people in political process

-gov't must play role in solving social probs
(at local / state / federal)

Front 17

"father" of progressive conservation

Back 17

PINCHOT

Front 18

pinchot -- central parts of conservation

Back 18

1. development & management

2. efficiency (avoid resouce waste)

3. conservation as for the public benefit

Front 19

philosophical basis of progressive conservation

Back 19

UTILITARIANISM

promote greatest good to benefit many in the long term

Front 20

theodore roosevelt

Back 20

president 1901-1909

*key figure*

political figure as head of progressive conservation

Front 21

roosevelt's conservation

Back 21

prevent waste

growth / development

human use of nature

frontier mentality

Front 22

PINCHOT

(in opposition to muir)

Back 22

conservation

application of scientific management

utilitarianism

anthropocentrism

Front 23

MUIR

(in opposition to pinchot)

Back 23

preservation

non-utilitarianism

aesthetics / spirituality

biocentrism

Front 24

Franklin D Roosevelt

Back 24

1930s (during depression)

WPA [works progress admin]-employ men quickly

CCC [civilian conservation corps]-part of 'newdeal' provide jobs to work unemployed to work toward CONSERVARTION

large-scale dam / reservoir projects

construction of roads in NPS (national park service)

fish / wildlife protection

Front 25

50s & 60s environmental movement

Back 25

-growing interest in outdoor recreation
-pollution concerns

-resource managment
(different from conservation's utilitarian focus)
----resources prided for aesthetic - not material value

Front 26

70s and beyond

Back 26

movements / programs address very specific problems
(ie scenic rivers / hiking trails / billboard removal)

public policy

resource management

Front 27

1781- 1802

Back 27

US acquires new territory west of 13 colonies

(up to mississippi river)

Front 28

1804-1867

Back 28

massive expansion of US territory

louisiana purchase

mexican session

Alaska purchase

Front 29

1800s disposition

Back 29

homestead acts
--grants to states to fund public schools / railroads

1 billion acres sold / given away

Front 30

after disposition

Back 30

land leftover that couldn't be given away

high elevation forests / desert
--not suitable for small-scale farming / ranching

--often had useful timber / mineral resources

Front 31

1900s progressives

Back 31

change in attitude toward fed gov't's role

pinchot - fed gov't should control human use of enviro

scientifically trained professionals should control agencies

advocating "public lands"

Front 32

advocation of public lands

(1900s progressives)

Back 32

public lands are for the common good

nationalistic ideals -- public lands belong to all of us --- set us apart from europe

public lands provide wealth for our country

material - utilitarian

aesthetic / spriritual (thoreau, muir)

public land ownership can be tool to protect from depletion (marsh)

Front 33

first forest "reserves"

Back 33

1891

Front 34

USFS created to manage forests

-part of USDA

Back 34

1905

Front 35

hetch hetchy

date

Back 35

1913

Front 36

national park service created

Back 36

1916

Front 37

LEOPOLD GRADUATES

Back 37

1909

from yale school of forestry
(founded by pinchot)

begins career in forest service

Front 38

LEOPOLD BECOMES SUPERVISOR

Back 38

1912

of Carson National Forest

Front 39

LEOPOLD - US FOREST PRODUCTS LAB

Back 39

1924

In Madison, WI

Front 40

LEOPOLD PROFESSOR

Back 40

1933

Game management professor

U Wisconsin

Front 41

Sand County Almanac published

Back 41

1949

Front 42

LEOPOLD

what is nature?

Back 42

history -- the story of the land

the story of human effects on nature

-thinks about gov't response to preservation

Front 43

MUIR

compared to Leopold -- the good OAK

Back 43

wouldn't have cut it
(esp from nat'l park)

tree represents natural cycle

utilitarian values NOT in writing

Front 44

PINCHOT (& other progressives)

compared to Leopold -- the good OAK

Back 44

if needed for human use - wouldn't have waited until it died

valued it for human utility

Front 45

LEOPOLD

how should nature be used

Back 45

stewardship (management) & husbandry (careful conservation)
(similar to marsh)

not something to be conquered

work in harmony with nature

"Good Oak" - shows respect for nature -- sounds like eulogy for the tree (praising something that died)

Front 46

MUIR

how should nature be used
(compared to leopold)

Back 46

preservation

leave untouched bc its sacred

spiritual experience feeding into the rest of our lives

Front 47

PINCHOT

how should nature be used
(compared to leopold)

Back 47

utilitarian

conserve some for future HUMAN USE

valued based on its utility for us

meets human's material needs

Front 48

leopold

wildlife relationship with tourism

Back 48

relationship between tourism and human perception of nature

machinary & amenities reduce value of experiences with nature

nature as trophy leads to wrong attitude towards nature (exploitation)

photography -- least intrustive form of recreation

Front 49

Leopold's ETHICAL SEQUENCE

Back 49

individuals

individuals and society

individuals and nature

--advanced thinking requires education

Front 50

leopold attitude toward production

Back 50

quality over quantity

Front 51

Leopold

-connection between humans and nature

Back 51

nature and land are basis of human culture

Front 52

Leopold

the job of recreation development

Back 52

to build receptiveness in the human mind

not to build roads for tourists

Front 53

SAUER - background

Back 53

graduate school at University of Chicago

professor at Berkeley

Front 54

SAUER & geography

Back 54

incorporated anthropological ideas / methods

(at the time geography was stuck with envirmental determinism (enviro determines culture)& regionalism)

SAUER's PERSPECTIVE:
-looked @ material record of humans on landscape
-looked @ relationship between enviro and culture
-fieldwork

Front 55

"environmental determinism"

Back 55

enviro conditions determine human culture

justification for racism

Front 56

"regionalism"

Back 56

collection of basic facts of a place

--too much info, not enough analysis

Front 57

SAUER's topics

Back 57

origins of agricultural practices

diffusion of plants / animals

effects of the conquest of culture / enviro

Front 58

"man's role in changing the face of the earth"

Back 58

meeting @ princeton - 1955

SAUER = main organizer

related to ideas of marsh

Front 59

"morphology of Landscape"

Back 59

1925

SAUER wrote

Front 60

SAUER

importance to conservation thought

Back 60

link between academic inquiery into human - enviro relationships

normative (the current standard) critique of modern resource uses

examined the effect of our resource use on 3rd world

Front 61

SAUER

science

Back 61

science has become tool to master nature (pinchot)

rather than vehicle for appreciation (muir)

---many ppl started out as scientists and ended up as nature lovers / conservationists (muir, leopold)

Front 62

Gilbert White

background

Back 62

PhD in geography from U of chicago

Front 63

White hired as staff executive

Back 63

1934

water planning comittee of national planning board

in executive office of president

did water quality analysis for pres

Front 64

White president / professor

Back 64

president @ haverford college

professor @ u of chicago

professor / director at CU

Front 65

white

research topics

Back 65

1. water
-flood management
-water supply in arid areas

2. resources

3. enviro hazards / human responses

Front 66

quaker & pacifist

Back 66

gilbert white

Front 67

sauer v white

Back 67

SAUER
-how humans change the enviro

WHITE
-how enviro (hazards) change humans / human society

Front 68

CASON key points

Back 68

-interconnectedness of natural world

-ignorance of public

-faith in science / technology

-balance of nature disturbed by humans (like marsh)

-companies misleading (how they marketed pesticides)

-human right to live w/o being poisened

-consumer awareness & consent

-technology was used when not fully understood

-criticized wide spread federal programs

-pioneer woman in science

-not all chemicals are bad--- but we need to know truth of their effects

-not much concern w long term

-LARGE SCALE

Front 69

carson opposing pinchot

Back 69

carson opposes idea that gov't scientists know best (pinchot)

Front 70

carson -- role of science

Back 70

important in developing appreciation for nature

Front 71

CARSON

what is nature

Back 71

balanced system that can be easily disturbed by us

Front 72

CARSON

part / apart

Back 72

technology sets us apart

Front 73

CARSON

how should we use nature

Back 73

shouldn't over-use

shouldn't abuse its fragility

shouldn't poison it

Front 74

CARSON

who should regulate?

Back 74

gov't should change attitude and PROTECT us from chemicals

concerned with gov'ts promotions of chemicals

gov't transparency -- should be responsive to concerns of citizens

Front 75

sierra club

Back 75

focused on california, wilderness, "conservation"

not ecological perspective on inter-connectedness of nature

Front 76

david browner

Back 76

50s dinosour national monument -- dam opposition

60s grand canyon dam opposition

Front 77

expanded the geographic scale and topics of concern

Back 77

CARSON

Front 78

interest in the 60s

Back 78

the "environment"

rather than wilderness / conservation

Front 79

limits to growth

SCALE

Back 79

global

even broader than carson
(previously biggest picture to date-- added up cumulative effects of many local events)

Front 80

limits to growth

VARIABLES

Back 80

DYNAMIC & STATIC

Front 81

limits to growth

DYNAMIC VARIABLES

Back 81

population

technology

consumption patterns (vary with different scenarios)

renewable / nonrenewable resource stocks

agricultural output

industrial output

pollution

Front 82

limits to growth

STATIC VARIABLES

Back 82

carrying capacity

Front 83

limits to growth

RELATIONSHIPS

Back 83

new science --
-- puts things together to study interactions

ecological perspective -- greatly expanded

(rather than breaking things apart -- enlightenment thinkers)

Front 84

limits to growth

DYNAMICS

Back 84

feedback : (+) & (-)

(+):
uncontrolled expansion / contraction

(-):
self-regulating

Front 85

limits to growth

TOOL

Back 85

computer modeling
using DYNAMO

Front 86

limits to growth

CONCLUSION

Back 86

we can't continue as we currently are

Front 87

limits to growth

reception

Back 87

labeled as fanatics

well-received by environmentally concerned ppl

massive denial (esp by cornucopians [[continued progress can be met by technological advances]])

Front 88

limits to growth

new analysis

Back 88

population as part of the equation

they offer specific SOLUTIONS

larger scale & more issues than carson

introduce global inequity & class issues

Front 89

MUIR -- LATE 1800s

4 questions

Back 89

nature is source of salvation & spirituality
thru adventure / inspiration

humans should preserve / protect / observe
("high trips")

fed gov't should protect
-citizens groups should ensure they do

Front 90

PROGRESSIVES -- PINCHOT -- EARLY 1900s

4 questions

Back 90

nature is source of resources for humans

our use and management sets us apart from nature

should be used to benefit humans --- conserved for future use --- owned by public --- used for common good

federal gov't scientists should regulate

Front 91

LEOPOLD --- EARLY-MID 1900s

4 questions

Back 91

nature is history / beauty utility

human use should focus on stewardship & husbandry
-should work in harmony with nature

idea of "community" allows us to transcend question of part/ apart

scientists, gov't, personal responsibility, ethics -- should all regulate use

Front 92

leopold

question of part/ apart

Back 92

"community" allows us to transcend question of part / apart

we may be apart from nature

but we are all part of the same "community"

Front 93

POST WAR BOOM -- 1950s & BEYOND

4 questions

Back 93

nature is something to be controlled by science / technology
-can be outdoor recreation
-is a source of infinite resources-- impossible to ruin
-can be taken apart by science

humans are apart - superior

should be used for human utility

content with gov't / scientific authority --- not concerned with enviro

Front 94

SAUER -- 1940s-1970s

4 questions

Back 94

nature is made up of diverse systems of disturbance and succession
--consistent over geologic time until humans alter it

humans apart -- disturbing agents

should start conserving - using nature more wisely
(rather than accellerating change & living beyond our means)

we need to change individuals ethics for regulation -- bc ppl are beginning to fear the gov't

Front 95

WHITE -- 1930s-2000s

4 questions

Back 95

nature is to use or not use by humans --- is beneficial or harmful
(possibly a hazard)

we see ourselves as apart - but nature will always effect us

should use nature responsibly (esp water and other necessitites)

gov't policy and individual decisions about consumption should regulate use

Front 96

first to focus on nature as a hazard

Back 96

gilbert white

Front 97

CARSON -- 1950s

4 questions

Back 97

nature is balanced, interconnected system that humans can easily disrupt

attempt to control nature thru technology sets us APART
-but we are PART of the ecosystem

shouldn't abuse / overuse nature
-use it with awareness of our effects

gov't should regulate with public & environmental welfare in mind
-citizens should pay attention to make sure it happens

Front 98

LIMITS TO GROWTH -- 1970s
(by the Meadows)

4 questions

Back 98

nature is quantifiable resource - internected with human systems

humans are PART of the interconnected system & must be bound by constraints

humans should consider the future when using

international policies needed for international problems
-individuals need to make decisions about consumption

Front 99

first to criticize use of technology and agriculture

Back 99

SAUER

studied effects of agriculture & humans on land

people should understand impacts of different tevchnology and effects of agriculture

Front 100

sees both sides -- beauty and utility of nature

Back 100

LEOPOLD

Front 101

the wilderness idea

conflict

Back 101

should hetch hetchy (valley w/i yosemite nat'l park) be dammed to provide water to san fransisco?

-aesthetically valuable

-san francisco - after earthquake of 1906, badly needed water

Front 102

pinchot

in the wilderness idea

Back 102

utilitarian conservationist

reservoir would be more beneficial than the untouched valley

Front 103

"conservation is the wise management of natural resources"

Back 103

pinchot

Front 104

muir

in the wilderness idea

Back 104

preservationist

beleive hetch hetchy should remain untouched
-for its aesthetic and spiritual value

Front 105

hetch hetchy's importance

Back 105

first time that significant opposition rose to defend nature

led to public action fighting for nat'l parks

Front 106

raker act

Back 106

1913 granted SF right to dam hetch hetchy

Front 107

powell

Back 107

emphasized 2 things that were radical for his time period -- troubling for westerners

1 lands of west had limits

2 settlement of west would have irreparable consequences

*west is too dry to support same activities of East & Midwest

Front 108

powell

promoted - fought for

Back 108

-extensive surveys to classify lands

-new laws to govern use

-new structures of local gov'ts to nurture community growth in balance w capacity of the land