Connorf World 2 Midterm 2

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The Renaissance

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Renaissance is about the rebirth or new exposure to ancient Greek and Roman knowledge to understand human experience, or humanism, the cultural achievements in the Italian city-states, France, the Low Countries, England, and the Holy Roman Empire in the period of 1430- 1550

The Renaissance broke the church monopoly on knowledge and opened the way for secular forms of learning. Popes, Christian kings, and wealthy merchants
funded much of the Renaissance. Greco-Roman techniques to Christian themes

The Renaissance spreads due to increasing economic prosperity, the circulation of literature and art, and interstate rivalry. Some women were offered better access
to education

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Scholasticism

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the system of theology and philosophy taught in medieval European universities, based on Aristotelian logic and the writings of the early Church Fathers and having a strong emphasis on tradition and dogma.

Merchants and government officials wanted a different education system, considered scholasticism archaic that suggests absolute knowledge is obtainable, sick of Aristotle (384-322 BCE)

Plato (420s-348 BCE)

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Florence, Italy

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Florentines pioneered a form of civic
humanism under which all citizens
were to devote themselves to ensuring
liberty

Florence was a republic, a system built on discussion and debate of ideas

Florentine Academy specialized in the study of Greek

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Important Renaissance Figures

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Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) brought educational change "humanistic studies" 5 important studies: Grammar, rhetoric, moral, philosophy, poetry, history, goes back to Roman and Greek, reinterpret classics..1300 rise of humanism
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Mona Lisa
Michelangelo (1475-1564) David and Sistine Chapel (drew humans on the same scale as gods)
Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) The Prince (1513)

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Historical discontinuity

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...

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Ming Dynasty/China (1368-1644)

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Centralization under the Ming
1. Ming rulers faced a formidable challenge of rebuilding cities, restoring respect for rulers, and reconstructing the bureaucracy

3. Building a bureaucracy
First sought to rule through kinsmen, but soon established a merit and civil service exam-based imperial bureaucracy
Emperor Zhu Hongwu implemented a highly centralized imperial bureaucracy and administrative network
Installed bureaucrats to oversee the manufacture of porcelain, cotton, and silk as well as tax collection
Reestablished the Confucian civil service examination system. Created local village networks to build irrigation and reforestation projects (1 billion trees). Bureaucratic hierarchy forced all officials to answer to the emperor

Political stability in the fourteenth century allowed merchants to revive China's preeminence in long- distance trade Overseas trade: Success and suspicion. Chinese port cities flourished as entrepôts for global goods

Emperor Hongwu feared contact with
the outside world, believing it would
undermine his rule

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Zhu Yuanzhang

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Yuan Mongol rulers faced chaos and dissidence
The most prominent, the Red Turban Movement, blended Buddhism, Daoism, and other philosophies with strict
practices involving diet, penance, and ceremonies in which the sexes freely mixed and wore red headbands

Red Turban Commander Zhu Yuanzhang started driving Mongols from China, beginning with Nanjing in 1356. Zhu founded the founder of Ming Dynasty; known as the "Hongwu" Emperor

Employed Eunachs

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"Yongle" Emperor

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("perpetual happiness") built an even more grandiose and aweinspiring capital in Beijing, with the Forbidden City, a walled imperial city with boulevards, courtyards, and a palace, ruled 1405-24

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Zheng He

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From 1405 to 1433, Admiral Zheng He led seven expeditions in the Indian Ocean to establish trade and tributary relationships
Zheng He's ships numbered five times those of Christopher Columbus
Although exotic and glamorous goods delighted the court, they were not everyday commerce, and Ming rulers withdrew imperial support for expensive maritime trade
While maritime trade continued without official patronage, Chinese naval power decline led the way for rivals from Southeast and Southwest Asia

Muslim eunuch, when eunuchs lose power to Confucian diplomats, sea trade is seen as frivolous

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Mandarins

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Confucian scholars/bureaucrats

The English term comes from the Portuguese mandarim (early spelling, mandarin). Its usage among the Portuguese is also attested by Matteo Ricci, who entered mainland China from Portuguese Macau in the late 16th century.

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Portugal

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The Portuguese were the first Europeans to seek new routes to Asia, which took them first to Africa
C. The Portuguese in Africa and Asia
1. Portuguese desire for gold and silver took them south to Africa
2. Navigation and military advances
New maritime technologies like the compass, the astrolabe, and new ships, along with assistance from Arab mariners, helped the Portuguese navigate the treacherous Atlantic coast

Africa became a vital trading source for gold, sugar, and labor. The Portuguese established ports and
fortresses along the West African Gold Coast

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Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

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The Portuguese and Spanish carved up South America in the unenforceable Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494

The Portuguese found abundant and fertile land for their settlers. The Portuguese settled along the coast but, unlike the Spanish, they rarely intermarried

When no precious metals were discovered in Brazil, the Portuguese began to produce sugar When the Indian population fought or fled, the Portuguese imported African
slaves for labor

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China's "Catholic" Centuries

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1600-1800; Catholic missionaries had no competition from Muslims or Protestants

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Melaka

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Melaka, Malaysia emerged as the most important port city, because of its strategic location between the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. Melaka's diversity was representative of the Indian Ocean merchant community of Arabs, Indians, Armenians, Jews, East Africans, Persians, and eventually Western Europeans

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Genoa

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Italian city -state, great trading hub

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Canary and Madeira Islands

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The Portuguese started large sugar plantations off the coasts of West Africa, with African slaves in the islands of
Madeira, Canary, and Cape Verde. The Portuguese and Spanish built their first formal colonies on these islands

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Philippines

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Asian relations with Europe
1. The Portuguese took the lead among Europeans in joining Indian Ocean trading networks
2. Portuguese arrived in the Chinese port city of Macao in 1557, joining Melakans, Indians, and Africans
3. Like the Mughals, Ming Chinese restricted Portuguese to ports and refused their access inland
4. The Spanish captured and colonized the Philippines in 1571, allowing them to establish brisk trade with China
5. 1571 was also the year that the Spanish created direct trade routes between China and the New World, using silver to connect them

The only real contribution from Eu ro peans to the trade was silver, the basis of the Ming monetary system
a. Japan was known as the "silver islands," as a prominent source of silver in the sixteenth century
b. After the 1570s, the Philippines under the Spanish became China's gateway for American silver
i. One- third of the New World's silver ended up in China, fueling China's phenomenal economy

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Jesuit Order

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most well-known leader of Jesuits in China was Matteo Ricci

Ignatius Loyola formed the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) to revive the Catholic Church and spread its message around
the world

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Magnetic compass

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The magnetic compass was first invented as a device for divination as early as the Chinese Han Dynasty (since about 206 BC) and later adopted for navigation by the Song Dynasty Chinese during the 11th century. The use of a compass is recorded in Western Europe and in Persia around the early 13th century.

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Portolan charts

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Portolan or portulan charts are navigational maps based on compass directions and estimated distances observed by the pilots at sea. They were first made in the 13th century in Italy, and later in Spain and Portugal, with later 15th and 16th century charts noted for their cartographic accuracy.

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Reconquista

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The Reconquista ("reconquest")[a] is a period of approximately 781 years in the history of the Iberian Peninsula, after the Islamic conquest in 711 to the fall of Granada, the last Islamic state on the peninsula, in 1492. It comes before the discovery of the New World, and the period of the Portuguese and Spanish colonial empires which followed.

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Elmina

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Elmina is the first European settlement in West Africa and it has a population of 33,576 people

Prior to the arrival of the Portuguese, the town was called Anomansah (the perpetual drink). In 1478 (during the War of the Castilian Succession), near the coast at Elmina was fought a large battle between a Castilian armada of 35 caravels and a Portuguese fleet for hegemony of the Guinea trade (gold, slaves, ivory and melegueta pepper). The war ended with a Portuguese naval victory followed by the official recognition by the Catholic Monarchs of Portuguese sovereignty over most of the West African territories in dispute embodied in the Treaty of Alcáçovas,1479. This was the first colonial war among European powers. Many more would come

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Caravanserai

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A caravanserai or caravansary was a roadside inn where travelers could rest and recover from the day's journey

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Vasco da Gama

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Vasco da Gama was the fi rst Portuguese mariner to reach India in 1498, due to the skills of a Swahili or East African sailor and a pi lot from Malindi. Da Gama was willing to fight for commercial access and roughed up everyone he met. Da Gama succeeded in returning to Portugal with a small but valuable cargo of silk and spices, but with less than half of his ship's crew
c. Da Gama returned to India in 1502 and asserted Portuguese supremacy by mutilating and killing sailors and burning ships in the harbor

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Ferdinand and Isabella

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began unification of Spain/late 1400s

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Christopher Columbus (Colón)

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October 12, 1492, on behalf of Spain,
Columbus reached San Salvador in the Bahamas, and ushered in a new era of world history
2. Columbus's goals were to make money and Christianize the world, which drove the Europe an colonization of the Americas
C. First encounters
1. Columbus's first encounters with Tainos in the Caribbean symbolized Europe an contrasting images of Amerindians as innocents or savages
a. Columbus mislabeled Tainos as "Indians" as he believed he had reached India
b. He described the Tainos as a child- like people who had no religion and were ready for conversion, but possessed gold. On behalf of Spain, Columbus claimed the island of Hispaniola, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic, with tales of gold, which prompted more expeditions

idea of "the other" important in period when Europeans began to encounter societies unknown to them

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Spanish Exploration of the Atlantic

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The Spanish experimented with colonial rule, creating a model in Hispaniola for the rest of the New World
a. Spaniards faced Indian resistance
b. Spaniards responded by enslaving Indians to work in gold mines
i. The Spanish crown awarded encomiendas (grants) to the encomenderos (settlers with the right to coerce
or force Indian labor), who had to pay special taxes on precious metals extracted from their land
ii. When the island's Indian labor and gold supply dwindled, Spaniards looked for opportunity elsewhere
iii. Dominican friars often protested Spanish abuse and barbarity. The vast majority of the Indians died very quickly

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Columbian exchange

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The Columbian exchanged transformed the environments, economies, and diets of both the New and Old worlds.
a. European diseases like smallpox, measles,pneumonic plague, and influenza, decimated 90% of the Amerindian
population
From the New World spread corn,tomatoes, beans, cacao, peanuts, tobacco, and squash. From the Old World came grains, sorghum, millet, rice, cattle, and sheep

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Potosí

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The Bolivian Andean Potosi and Mexican Zacatecas mines produced the greatest amounts of silver for Spain
Potosí is a city and the capital of the department of Potosí in Bolivia. It is one of the highest cities in the world by elevation at a nominal 4,090 metres (13,420 ft) For centuries, it was the location of the Spanish colonial mint.

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Inca Empire (1438-1530s)

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Capital - Cuzco
In the Andes, Quechua- speaking people
governed an impressive Inca Empire of 4
to 6 million
a. Before the Spanish arrived, a smallpox epidemic spread from Mesoamerica into the Andes, taking the Inca Emperor
b. One of the emperor's sons, Atahualpa, fought a war against his brother to gain succession to the Inca throne

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Chanca Attack and New Empire

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rival group to Inca/attacked Cuzco in 1430s. The leader of Cuzco takes his oldest son into the forest to hide. Younger son, Cusi Yupanqui (Pachacutec) organizes defense and afterwards becomes the first emperor. He builds a temple to sun deity, called Coricancha, and initiates a bloody conquest of surrounding regions.

Tupac Yupanqui ruled 1471-93 expands
Huayna Capac ruled 1493-1520s - his two sons stuggle for power as Spanish arrive

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Culture of Inca People

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Bride exchange
Religion - sun cult
Ayllus - social unit based on common descent, essentially extended family groups but they could adopt non-related members, giving individual families more variation and security of the land that they farmed.
Mita - labor draft
Reciprocity
Ancestor worship

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Military Conquest of the Incas

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Follows same pattern as the Aztecs
King Charles V of Spain wants a way to control conquistadors so he can get gold to fight wars

Inca Empire split by civil war. Huascar holds Cuzco and has made allies with nobles.
Atahunlpa flees to the north empire and makes allies with military, he takes Cuzco, kills Huascar's family, humiliates him. Hears reports of strangers nearby with floating houses and giant animals. Doesn't care.

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Francisco Pizarro

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Hears about Incas, returns to Spain to make contract with Charles. Terrorizes SA coast until Incan representatives meet with him. Meets Atahualpa in Cajamerca (11-15-1532) and ambushes him. Offers conversion to Christianity. Execute him. Cuzco (conquered in 1533), make puppet ruler Manco Inca
Pizarro found Lima, Manco tries to rebel, fails, tries to trick by lying about gold, shows natives are learning and adjusting to Europeans
Diego de Almargo, rival of Pizarro, betrays him. Killed by Pizarro followers, Pizarro killed by Almargo followers.

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Extremadura

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region of spain, home of many conquistadors

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Gonzalo Pizarro

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brother of Francisco Pizarro

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"Aztec" Empire (1420s-1520s)

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The Mexica were the founders of the Aztec Empire
Migrated from Northern Mexico to Central Mexico, discredited by other inhabitants of the Valley of Mexico due to having no city and lacking Toltec decent. Founded Tenochtitlan in unwanted land. Start city by providing food, build floating gardens called chinampa

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Tenochtitlan

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Aztec capital (present-day Mexico City)
The city of Tenochtitlan on Lake Texcoco was one of the world's largest and wealthiest, with religious and political buildings in the center, and well irrigated and prosperous agriculture

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Acamapichtli

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ruler "imported" by Mexica/had Toltec heritage
Son of a Mexica/Toltec decent couple

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Itzcoatl

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uncle of third king (Chimalpopaca) fourth king and first true "emperor" creates the Triple Alliance - alliance between Mexica of Tenochtitlan and two other city-states

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Culture of Aztec

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Pochteca- "professional" merchants who helped expand empire by giving offer of unequal trade backed up by threat of military conquest

Human Sacrifice

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Military Conquest of the Aztecs

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Spanish formed alliances with Aztec enemies,Tlaxcalans
Aztec warfare involved capturing enemies, while the Spanish consisted of killing enemies. Aztecs were not familiar with Spanish technology like gunpowder, steel swords, horses, or war dogs

Montezuma allowed Cortes to enter their city of Tenochtitlan. In 1519, Cortés captured Tenochtitlan and Montezuma, who then ruled as a Spanish puppet. The Aztecs rose in rebellion two years later and initially defeated the Spanish. Spanish and Tlaxcalan eventually defeated the Aztecs more because of disease than war

The Spanish executed the Aztec emperor Cuauhtémoc, ending the royal lineage. Cortés became governor of the colony "New Spain"

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Hernán Cortés

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arrived with 11 ships, 500 men, 16 horses, and arms, became a model conquistador

First encountered Totonacs, local native group on eastern coast of Mexico, under Aztec control.
Montezuma, Aztec Emperor, hears about him, sends aid, unimpressed, tells him to go away
Cortes heads to Tenochtitlan, fights Tlaxcala, rivals of the Aztecs, along the way, and joins ups with them
Tries to shake Montezuma's hand, eventually takes him captive
Diego de Velásquez, Governor of Cuba sends men to arrest Cortes, he goes to meet, men slaughter some Aztec nobles
Noche Triste Cortes returns and escapes Tenochtitlan
War
Doña Marina, a noble from the Tabasco region (a rival to the Aztecs), became Cortés's interpreter and uncovered Aztec plots against the Spanish. She becomes Cortés's lover, bearing one of the first mixed-blooded Mexicans (mestizos)

Veracruz - settlement founded by Cortés

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Screwing Over the Americas

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Population Decline
Smallpox
Congregation: combining two or more native villages into one village so that Spaniards could more easily access their labor and convert them to Christianity
Encomienda: a "grant" of native goods and labor in return for Christianizing natives
Repartimiento: a labor "draft" in which portion of native community forced to do labor for Spanish needs
Wage labor

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Christianization of the Americas

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Missionary friars: based in Rome/named for patron saints/in the Americas, main groups were Dominicans, Augustinians, Franciscans, and Jesuits
Antonio de Montesinos: delivered sermon on island of Hispaniola in which he criticized cruelty of colonists toward native peoples
Bartolomé de las Casas: known as "Defender of the Indians," wrote Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies for King Charles of Spain in 1542
As a result, The New Laws of 1542 were created in Spain to protect native citizens in Americas
Millenarian utopianism: idea among missionaries that final conversion of natives of Americas would bring about second coming of Christ and 1000 years of blessedness and harmony on earth

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Protestant Reformation

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The Protestant Reformation split the Christian world for good
2. Martin Luther, a German monk and professor, criticized papal authority and the Catholic Church with his knowledge of the Bible
a. Luther argued that salvation came through God's grace, or forgiveness, by faith; that faith would be arrived at from reading the Bible; and that priests as mediators were not necessary, because all individuals were priests and have access to God
b. Luther also criticized other corrupt church practices such as sex scandals and the selling of indulgences
c. Luther's Ninety-Five Theses of 1517 and On the Freedom of the Christian Man of 1520 furthered the debate

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Background to Protestant Reformation

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Northern Humanism: Northern Europelooks towards religious reform, questioning, frustrated with Catholic Church

Critics of Current Social and Religious Ideas
Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536): wanted civic virtue, greek participation, christian piety, read greek classics and bible, critic of church

Sir Thomas More (1478-1535): author of Utopia (1516) - a work of fiction and political philosophy by Thomas More (1478-1535) published in 1516 in Latin. The book is a frame narrative primarily depicting a fictional island society and its religious, social and political customs.

Printing Press invented 1444
Indulgences: payments for release from sin, supported by Johann Tetzel - a Roman Catholic German Dominican friar and preacher. In addition, he was a Grand Inquisitor of Heresy to Poland, and later became the Grand Commissioner for indulgences in Germany.

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Other Terms

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Emperor Charles V - The religious revival was accompanied by ferocious wars and peasant revolts that resulted in the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V's decision to allow each German Prince the right to choose Lutheranism or Catholicism as the official state religion Holy Roman Empire
Counter Reformation
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
The bloody persecution of Protestant Huguenots brought an end to the French Valois dynasty
A Protestant prince, Henry of Navarre, became king by converting to Catholicism
b. Henry issued the Edict of Nantes, proclaiming France Catholic but with protections for the Protestant minority
Council of Trent - At the Council of Trent from 1545 to 1563, the Catholic Church reaffirmed papal authority, church hierarchy, and doctrine, but also attempted corruption reforms