Connective Tissues

Front 1

Collagen in bone

Back 1

90% type 1, trace type 5

Front 2

Cells found in bone

Back 2

Osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast

Hint 2

There are three.

Front 3

Ground substance in bone

Back 3

Glycoproteins

Proteolysis

Bone sialoproteins

Hint 3

Three kinds of

Front 4

Cells found in cartilage

Back 4

Chondrocytes

Front 5

Three types of cartilage

Back 5

Hyaline/articular

Yellow elastic

White fibrocartilage

Front 6

Collagen in hyaline cartilage

Back 6

Mostly type 2

Front 7

Fibres in elastic cartilage

Back 7

Type 2 collagen

Scattered elastin

Front 8

What are reticular fibres?

Back 8

Type 3 collagen

Front 9

What is the role of osteoblasts?

Back 9

Secrete osteoid onto surfaces to create bone

Front 10

What is an osteoclast?

Back 10

The bone binman

Releases protons to make acid and destroy inorganic mineral part of bone

Secretes proteases to break down the organic component

Front 11

Define epipysis

Back 11

Gross anatomy of bone - rounded end

Front 12

Define diaphysis

Back 12

Gross anatomy of bone - shaft of a long bone

Front 13

Metaphysis

Back 13

Gross anatomy of bone - flared bit between diaphysis and epiphysis

Front 14

What determines the shape and mass of a bone?

Back 14

Gross anatomy is genetically predetermined

Mass/density is determined by the mechanical environment the bone encounters (Wolff's Law) - adapt for maximum support and minimal mass in response to environment

Resorption and remodelling of bone carried out by osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Front 15

What sort of ossification typically produces limb and load-bearing bones?

Back 15

Endochondral ossification

Front 16

Describe fracture patterns relative to method of ossification.

Back 16

Endochondral - predictable, known failure points.

Membranous - shatter, pebble on ice type fractures.

Front 17

What does bone form from in intramembranous ossification?

Back 17

Mesenchymal cells

Front 18

What is appositional growth?

Back 18

Creation of primary osteons as bones increase in diameter. Primary osteons are parallel to the axis of the bone, contain a Haversian canal and are surrounded by a cement line and woven bone.

Front 19

Describe the formation of a secondary osteon

Back 19

Osteoclasts detect microcurrent caused by movement/bending of bone

Excavation/boring by a cutting cone of osteoclasts

Osteoblasts follow, lining the tunnel with osteoid

This creates lamellae (concentric layers of bone)

So the secondary osteon is like a branch off the tree of the primary osteon.

Further bifurcations are all called secondary osteons.

Front 20

What's in the canaliculi?

Back 20

Osteocyte processes

Front 21

Where does the osteocyte live?

Back 21

Lacuna

Trapped in a hole amongst lamellae/matrix of osteon

Front 22

Another name for an osteon is...

Back 22

A Haversian system

Front 23

What is DJD?

Back 23

Degenerative Joint Disease

Progressive deterioration of articular cartilage

Front 24

What are the fibres in fibrocartilage?

Back 24

Type 1 and 2 collagen

MORE collagen than hyaline cartilage

Front 25

What's MMP?

Back 25

Matrix metalloproteinase

Degrades extracellular matrix

Made when there is reduced stress on bone, as part of remodelling

Front 26

Osteocyte role

Back 26

Site maintenance 😂

Maintain the matrix

Front 27

Osteocyte origins

Back 27

Was an osteoblast

No longer divides

No longer makes osteoid

Front 28

What's the condition where there is net loss of bone mass?

Back 28

Osteoporosis

Front 29

Three minerals in the inorganic component of bone ECM

Back 29

Hydroxyapatite

Calcium phosphate

Carbonate

Front 30

Describe the structure of collagen

Back 30

Three polypeptide chains in a triple helix called tropocollagen

Front 31

Four components of ground substance

Back 31

Interstitial fluid

Proteoglycans

Glycoproteins

Glycosaminoglycans

Front 32

Hyaluronic acid is a

Back 32

GAG

Front 33

Hyaluronic acid is found in:

Back 33

Synovial fluid (with lubrasin)

Hyaline cartilage

Skin

Front 34

Give an example of a GAG

Back 34

Hyaluronic acid

Front 35

What are GAGs made from?

Back 35

Polysaccharide chains of repeating disaccharide units

Front 36

What are glycoproteins made of

Back 36

Oligosaccharide chains covalently bonded to polypeptide side chains

Front 37

Give two examples of glycoproteins

Back 37

Fibronectin

Laminin

Front 38

Describe proteoglycan structure

Back 38

Core proteins with covalently bound GAGs

Forming large aggregates

Front 39

Describe, very generally, the function of the different ground substance components.

Back 39

Proteoglycans: allow movement, trap water

Glycoproteins: binding

GAGs: draw and hold water

Front 40

What kind of molecule is aggrecan and where is it found?

Back 40

Proteoglycan

Major component of cartilage extracellular matrix

Front 41

Describe the structure of aggrecan

Back 41

Central hyaluronan molecule

Link proteins attach proteoglycans: core proteins plus keratin sulphate and chondrotin sulphate

"Sticky grabby Christmas trees"

Front 42

What is an osteophyte?

Back 42

Proliferation of new bone spurs at joint edges

Increase stability

In response to

-ageing

-djd/synovitis

-forces/mechanical instability