Connective Tissue

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Functions of Connective Tissue

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1 structural and metabolic support
2 are a large part of the body's host defense system

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Loose Areolar Connective Tissue

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loose and irregularly arranged, pack between tissues contains mostly cells and ground matrix tissue

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mesenchymal cells

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Origin of most connective tissue cells and fibers.
Stellate cells with fine processes.

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Fibroblast

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produces the extracellular matrix
long cells with nuclei and tend to look pink
very metabolically active

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Reticular Cells

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produce reticular fibers
type 3 collagen
will stain with silver

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Macrophages

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From blood monocytes, which  produce the mononuuclear phagocytic system
the major phagocytic cell in the body
macrophages take different names depending on the tissue
can take up certain stains
sometimes become multinucleated when the particle is too big to take up on itself

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Lymphocytes

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From blood T and B cells
function in cellular and humoral immunity.
mostly nucleus with very little cytoplasm

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Plasmablasts
Plasma Cells

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From activated B lymphocytes
Which enter tissues from the circulation, become fixed plasma cells and produce various types of antibodies.
have ecentric nucleus very basophilic cytoplasm and depending on the section is usually an area next to nucleus that doesn’t stain which is the golgi
have a lot of RER because secreted

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Mast Cells

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From bone marrow precursors
Many basophilic granules
sometimes the granules aren't contained by the membrane and spill out
have scroll-like granules

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Mast Cell Granules

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Heparin
Histamine
Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor

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Heparin

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acid sulphated glycosaminoglycan Whose binding of toluidine blue stain produces Metachromasia (change in color to reddish purple);anticoagulant.

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Histamine

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a vasodilator, increases vascular permeability, smooth muscle c contraction of bronchi, and increases mucus production

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Eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF):

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attract eosinophils to the area.

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Antigen release from mast cell

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1. exposed one time
2 on second exposure your IgE molecules attached to the the antigen
3 adenylyl cyclase activated and molecules phosphorylated
4. Ca comes into the cell and promotes fusion and release of granule contents
5 phospholipases cleave membrane to produce luekotriens
6. cell not harmed and secretes more granules

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adipose cells

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store triglycerides which are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol
most are uniocular
osmium tetroxide preserves these cells for TEM

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pericyte

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a stem cell of sorts that surrounds the epithelium of the capillary and can differentiate if need be

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Collagen production

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pro alpha chain is secreted into the ER where lysines and prolines are hydroxylated, alos selected hydrolysines are glycosylated this step is Vit C dependent once done 3 pro alpha chains coil to form a procollagen alpha helix which is packaged into a secretory vesicle and released. once released, procollagen is convereted to a collagen topocollagen filament which eventually join others to form fibrils

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Ehlers Danlos syndrome

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decreaed Procollagen peptidase activity thus increase procollagen and decrease tropocollagen
cause mutation in type 3 collagen

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Elastin

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produced by fibroblasts and smooth muscle
Amino Acids, Desmosine and Isodesmosine also glycine and proline

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Elastin Structure

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microfibrils made of fibrilin are made first and then elastin core deposited around them

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lamina lucida

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Integrins on cell membrane - Laminin binds Type IV collagen of the lamina densa to cell membrane integrins
Entactin binds Type IV collagen to laminin.

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Dense Regular Connective tissue

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lots of fibers little matrix
flat fibroblasts
found in tendons used to transmit mechanical forces over long distances
resistant to stress in one directon

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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

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complex woven bundles
can resist stress in any direction

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Type 1 collagen

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has polarity to it on EM
Tendons, ligaments, dermis, bone

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Type 2 Collagen

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cartilage

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Type III

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i) Reticular fibers more sugars and stain well with silver also PAS+
ihemopoietic and lymphoid tissue as well as reticular lamina of basement membrane perfect example is trachea

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Type IV

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Sheetlike polygonal meshwork:Lamina densa of basal lamina no fibers or fibrils.

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Type VII

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Anchoring fibrils that fasten lamina densa to underly lamina reticu