Connective Tissue

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Function of connective tissue

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Provide support and connecting framework for all other tissues of the body

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CT is derived from the

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mesoderm (some are derived from the ectoderm)

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Loosely organized CT is called ___

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mesenchyme

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Types of connective tissue

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Connective Tissue Proper

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The main cellular component of connective tissue is

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Extrcaellular matric

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The ECM of connective tissue consists of:

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Ground susbtance

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____ Secrete the ground susbtance and are embedded within in

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Chondrocytes, osteocytes, adipocytes, fibroblasts

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The principle cells of CT proper are called

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Fibroblasts

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The function of fibroblasts is to:

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Produce the ground susbtance and fibers of the ECM (ECM proteins)

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Fibroblasts are part of the ______

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Resident population (produced locally and remain there)

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Structure of fibroblasts

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Spindle shaped and have abundant rough ER and well-developed Golgi complex

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Define: Ground substance

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Thin film or gel in which there are cellular elements embedded

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Function of ground substance

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Acts as a lubricant and and barrier to penetration

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Structure of proteoglycan

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Protein core with many GAG (glucosaminoglycan) units radiating in bottle brush formation

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GAGs

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linear polysacchardies with repetating disaccharide units

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Hyaluronic acid

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GAG present in losse connective tissues

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Location of hyaluronic acid

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Synovial fluid of joint cavities, vitreous humor of eye, cartilage, blood vesselsm skin, umbillical cord

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Strructure of HA

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NOT convalently bonded to protein core,

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Purpose of HA

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Produces a highly viscous gel that retards water movement and gives a cushioning effect for joints

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Purpose of HA in cartilage

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serves as the backbone to which other preteoglycans attach

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Examples of other GAGs that ARE covalently bonded

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chondroitan sulfate, dermatan sulfate[, heparin sulfate, keratin sulfate

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Proteoglycans are hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

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Hydrophilic (negatively charged): They bind to sodium and water

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Function of proteoglycans

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Play a signufucant role in the transport of electrolytes and water and contribute to gellike ECM to cushion and limit spread of bacteria

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Site of synthesis and secretion of proteoglycans

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Fibroblasts (proteins are synthesized in rough ER and completed in Golgi complex)

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Secretion of preteoglycans occurs by

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Exocytosis

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What helps to turn over proteoglycans?

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Lysosomal enzymes

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Hurlers and Hunters' syndrome are lysosomal storage deficincies caused by the ______

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Accumuluation of proteoglycans which are not broken down.

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Structure of adhesive glycoprotein

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Protein core with branched carbohydrate (Protein is predominant)

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Function of glycoproteins

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Links components of matrix to eachother and to cells

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What produces fibronectin?

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Fribroblasts

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What is fibronectin?

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A glycoprotein that has binding sites for collagen and proteoglycans

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Where is fibronecton found?

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Lamina densa of basal lamina

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What is laminin?

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(Glycoprotein) Constituent of lamina densa and binds to collagen type IV and cell surface receptors

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Define: Integrin

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Transmembrane protein that allows cells to bind with collagen, fibronecton and laminin allowing them to detach from ECM as necesary

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What do integrins bind to?

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Actin filaments (fical adhesion)

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What are the three types of fiber?

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Collagen, Reticular fibers, elastic fibers

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Structure of collagen

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3 Alpha peptide chains held together by hydrogen bonds and hydrophilic interactions intertwined in a helix

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Characertistics of Type I collagen

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Most abundant in bone, tendon and organ capsules, dermis and tooth dentin

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Characteristics of Type III collagen

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Co-localized bqith type I

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Characteristics of Type IV collagen

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part of structural network of basal lamina

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Cells that produce collagen

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Osteblasts, fibrblasts, chondroblasts, epithelial cells, Schwann cells, muscle cells

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First step of collagen synthesis

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Preprocollagen synthesized on polyribsomes attached to rough ER

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Charecertistics of preprocollagen

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Presence of signal peptode and registration peptide

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Step two of collagen synthesis

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Cleavage of signal peptides forming procollagen

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Step three of collagen synthesis

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Preprocollagen transfeered to Golgi apparatus which packages them into sectretory vessicles

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Step four of collagen synthesis

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Procollagen released by exocytosis

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Orientation of tropocollagen

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Birefringent (cross-banding)

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Ehler's-Danios syndrome

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Inherited defect in synthesis of procollagen or EC formation of tropocollagen/poor crosslinking of collagen fibrils

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Symptoms of Ehler's Danios syndrome

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Hyperextensible skin, hypermobile joints, poor wound healing, skeleton deformities

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Osteogenis imperfecta

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Characterized by bone fractures and deformities, blue sclera, and thin skin. Tissues lack type I collagen.

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Cause of OI

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Defect in gene transcription

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Scurvy

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Caused by lack of viramin C

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Collagenses

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Enzyme that causes collagen degradation by cleaving molecule into two parts

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Progressive systemic sclerosis

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Autoimmune response that causes inflammaation anf increased collagen synthesis

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Reticular fibers are composed of Type ____ collagen

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III

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Function of reticular fibers

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Form supporting tissue of lymphoid and blood forming organs (spleen)

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Location of reticular fibers

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In close association with basal lamina and epithelial

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How do you see reticular fibers?

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Ability to absorb silver

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Elastic fibers/elastic lamella Location

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Tissues normall subject to deformation (expansion and contraction) such as respiratory system, ligaments,. skin, carftilagenous regions

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How do you see elastic fibers?

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You need speicla stains to see them.

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Large blood vessles contain Fibers? True or False?

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FALSE - sheets of elastin

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Elastic fiber composition

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Bundles of thin micrifibrils composed of large glycoprotein fibrillin

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What produces elastin?

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Fibroblasts (skin tendon) and smooth muscle cells (large elastic arteries)

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How is elastin secreted?

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It is secreted as proelastin which polymerizes to form elastin

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Is elastin hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

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Hydrophobic (lacks hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine)

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What proteins allows elastin molecules to bind to eachother?

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Desmosine and isodesmosine (amino acids) who form crosslinks

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Contents of tissue fluid

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ions and a small percentage of low molecular weight proteins

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Edema

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amount of tissue in CT increases

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Causes of edema

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Loss of equilibrium between hydrostatic and osmotic pressure within capillaries, veiuns and surrounding CT

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other causes of edema

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Vasodilation (increased blood flow to capillaries)

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Dense CT characteristics

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Predominance of fibers over cells

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Dense irregular CT

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Collagen fiber bundles that are not preferentially oriented that form a 3D network resistant to stress

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Location of dense regular CT

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dermis and capsules of organs

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Main cell type in dense irregular CT

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Fibroblasts

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Dense regular CT

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Contains collagen fiber bundles arranged in a definite pattern with parallel rows of fibroblasts between bundles

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Location of dense regular CT

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Tendons, ligament, corena

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Loose connective tissue

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Most abudnant CT in the body

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Function of loose CT

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Supports Epithelial tissue, ensheathes blood vessels, nerves and muscles and establishes fascial planes

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Residential cells consist of:

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Fibroblasts and macrophages

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Defin resident population

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Cells that are "native" to connective tissue

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Fibroblast

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Synthesize and secrete all components of the ECM (collagen, elastin)

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Macrophage

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actively phagocytic cells that phagoctyize as a defense activity or cleanup operyation

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Cell organelles of macrophage

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large Golgi, RER, SER, mitoconhdria, phagocytotic vacuoles and foreigen body giant cells

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Define: Foreign body giant cell

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When macrophages encounter large foreign bodiesthey fuse and form large cells

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Strcuture of Mast cells

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Ovoid cells with spherical nucleus obscured by membrane bound basophilic granules

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Granules of mast cells contain ____

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histamine, heparin and mediators of an anaphylaxis

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Function of mast cells

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Bind IgE immunoglobin (produced by plasma cells after exposure to an antigen)

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Histamine action

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causes smooth muscle contraction in branchioles and increases vcappilary permeation resulting in edema

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Leukotrine action

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Produve contraction of smooth muscle

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Function of Eoseniphil chemotactic factor (ECF) and neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF)

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Attract eoseniphils and neutrophils to the site

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Heparin function

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Anticoagulant

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How do mast cells stain?

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Metachromatic (different color then the die applied)(due to GAGs)

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Location of mast cells

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Numerous in skin and organ capsules

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Wandering population of the cells include:

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Plasma cells and other white cells (monocytes, neutrophils, eoseniphils, basophils and lymphocytes)

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Define: plasma cells

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Derivatives of B-lyphocytes and active in the production and secretion of antibodies

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Location of plasma cells

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Numerous in chronically inflamed areas exposed to bacteria and foreign protein (intestines, and respiratory tract), rarely seen in most CT

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Appearance of plasma cells

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basophilic cytoplasm with nucleus and distinctive clockface pattern of heterchromatin

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Major functions of CT

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Support, Defense (loose CT

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What are the main kind of cells involved in repair?

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Fibroblasts

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Finction of fibroblasts in repair

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synthesize collagen in ECM during wound healing to form granulation tissue and scar tissue

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Function and structure of myoblasts in repair

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Possess some features of smooth muscle cells (actin and myosin filaments) and appear at wound edges to enable wound closure to occur

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Function of cortisol

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from adrenal coretx inhibits synthesis of fibers from CT and suppresses inflammatory cell activation (detrimental to wound healing)

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Structure of adipose tissue

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Loose association of lipid filled cells and numerous associated blood vessles held in a matrix of collagen (retucular) fibers

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Function of adipose tissue

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Energy (in the form of triglyecrides) storage site in a state of continuous turnover

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Unilocular adipocytes are the characteristic cell of _______

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White adipose tissue

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Structure of unilocular fat

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single large inclusion of lipid that is not membrane bound

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Function of unilocular adipose tissue

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Primary energy storage compartment of the mammal

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Mechanism of adipose storage:

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FFA and glyecrol enter adipocytes where they are combined with glycerol and resynthesized into triglycerides

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Mechanism of lipolysis

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Lipolytic hormones (ACTH, epinephrine, glucagon)cause triglycerides to hydrolyzed, forming glycerol and FFAs - FFAs are then released into the blood to be utlilzed as a source of energy (ATP)

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Adipose tissue is also an ________ organ

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Endocrine (Fat cells dispatch chemical signals to tissue trhroughout the body including braiin, liver, muscle, reproductive organs and immune system)

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Obesity causes ________

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decreased senitivity to insulin and type II diabetes

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Function of fat as an endocrine organ

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Tells the body when it can reproduce (i.e.decrease in fat causes exercise induced amennorhea)

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Another function of fat as

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Influences vessel constriction (i.e. increase in fat causes increase in angiotensin and increase in BP)

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Another function of fat

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Produces cytokines that affect the immune system to increase immune and inflammatory response

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Multilocular adipocytes are a characteristic of _______

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Brown adipose tissue

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Structure of Multilocular adipocytes

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Polygonal with a spherical center and contain many small lipid inclusions

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Function of brown fat

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Heat production organ in which the enregy stored in fatty acids is transduced into heat which warms blood passing through adjacent capillaries

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The brown color is due to _______

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Large number of mitcohondria and highly vascular nature of the tissue

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The mitcohondria contain _____

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Uncoupling protein (UCP-1)

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Function of UCP-1

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Uncouples oxidation of fatty acids from the production of ATP allowing the energy allowing energy to be used as heat

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Brown fat is most prominent during _____

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Infancy when heat production is most necesarry do to the newborn's high surface-mass ratio

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____ stimulates thermogenisis in brown fat

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Norepinephrine (sympathetic nervous system)

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The FFAs in brown fat are/are not released into the bloodstream

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Are not (like white fat)

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Marfan syndrome

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Expression of the fibrillin gene is abnormal resulting in absence of fibrilin microfibrils and abnormal elastic fibers; may result in aortic anaeurysm