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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Cornea?
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its the clear membrane that covers the eye.
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What is the pupil?
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black opening in the eye
it can restrict or dilulate |
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What is the Iris?
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it is the color part of the eye
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Whats is the purpose of the lens?
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focus and bend light as it enters the eye
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what is the Retina?
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light sensative membrane
2 receptor sites: the cones and rods |
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What are rods
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long thin blunt
Use them for dim lighting and night vison slow change |
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What are cones
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short and fat
responsible for seeing details and bright lights |
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What is the Fovea?
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small area of the retina that contains only cones.
Best visual aquity |
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what is the path of light?
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Bipolar & ganglion cells
optic nerve optic chiasm thalamus visual cortex of he occipital lobe |
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What is the Trichromatic theory of color vison?
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helm and holmston
Only 3 color cone- red green, and blue evidence is colorblindness |
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What is the opponent process theory of color vison?
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Herring
there are 4 basic color in 2 pair cones Red- green yellow-blue white- black |
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what are the 3 parts of the ear?
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outer
middle inner |
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What are the parts of the outer ear?
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Pinna- detect location of ear( flesh part on head)
Ear canal- travels to ear drum ear drum- membrane that seperates the outer and middle ear |
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What are the parts of the middle ear
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hammer hits the anvil which hits the stirrup to amplify sound
oval window seperates the middle and inner ear |
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What are the parts of the inner ear?
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Cochlea- coiled tube line with Basinlar membrane( hair cells)
sound waves bend the hair n stimulates sending sound to the auditory nerve |
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what is the place theory of hearing?
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helmholtz
different locations make different Basinlar membranes vibrate in different pitches |
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What is frequency?
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hair cell receptors vibrates the # of times per second as sound wave
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When is frequency correct?
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sound waves are less than or equal to 500 hertz
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When is place theory correct?
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sound waves are greater than 1000 hertz
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when are both theories corrtect?
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sound waves are between 500- 1000 hertz
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Who is Gestalt?
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german
sensations are processed through perceptual rules (1900) |
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What is the law of similarity?
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objects of similar size, shape, and color are percieved as one unit
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what is the law of closure?
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the tendency to fill in gaps that are incomplete
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what is the law of good continuation?
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elements that are follow the same direction are percieved as 1 unit
ex the interstate |
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what is the law of proximity?
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objects that are close togetherare are percieved as one unit
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what is depth perception?
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ability to judge an objects distance
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what is monocular cues?
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cues using one eye
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what is relative size?
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objects that are closer appear larger ( monocular)
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what is linear perspective?
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parallel lines seem to meet in the distance
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what is texture gradient?
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surfaces farther away become blurry and less defined
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what is overlap?
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partially blocked objects seems farther away (monocular)
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what is motion parallax?
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when moving objects closer to seem to be moving faster
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what are binocular cues
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cues that use both eyes
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what is binocular disparity
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each eye gets a slighly different image
3-d images |
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what is perceptual constancies?
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see things at a constant despite sensory input
ex friend is the correct size despite being far away |
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what is an EEG
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measures brain wave activity while sleepin
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what is REM
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rapis eye movement- heighten arousal of body during sleep
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what is NREM
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quiet calm sleep
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what is sleep pattern
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5- 90 min cycles
stages 3 &4 only happend in the first 2 cycles dreaming in REM becomes longer with each cycle |
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what is the sleep cycle?
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4 stages of Nrem- last 50-50 min
Rem sleep for 5- 15 mins |
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Whats is the Restorative theory on why we sleep
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NREM= physical rejeunvation
REM= mental rejeunvation Support- longer time in NREM after physical activity |
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What is the adaptive theory on why we sleep?
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Evolutionary
animals with few predators sleep longer, |
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How does the sleep change
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in womb- sleep longer farther along mom is
newborns sleep 16 hrs with 50% REm as we get older we sleep less |
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What are Hobson's 5 characteristics of Sleep?
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intense emotion
illogical content and organization bizzare sensations bizzare details accepted images difficult to remember |
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What is lucid dreaming?
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fully awake
capable of normal thought and activity ( day dreaming) |
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What did Freud believe about dreams?
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dreams are fulfilled repressed wishes
manifest content- dream images latent content- disguised meaning of the dream not substained by research |
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What si the activation- synthesis model of dreaming?
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proposed by hobson and mccarley- dreams are our subjective awareness of the brains internally generated activity during sleep
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What is insomia?
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inability to fall asleep or feel adequately rested
triggered by stressful events |
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what is stimulus control?
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condition ppl with insomia to associate the bed with sleep only
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what is sleep apnea?
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stops breathing during the night
caused by carbon dioxide build up in blood causes momentary awakening |
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what is night terrors
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intense fear or panic
happens in stage 3 and 4 child wakes up n goes back to sleep no recall |
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what is narcalepsy?
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exessive daytime sleepiness
brief laspes into sleep brought on by arousal |
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What are the two types of conditioning?
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classical
operant |
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who discovered classical conditioning
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ivan pavlov- using dog salvia experiment
food n footsteps |
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What is a neutral stimulus
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something that does not trigger an automatic response
EX. hearing footsteps |
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what is the unconditioned stimulus?
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unlearned response to a natural stimuls
ex. food |
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what is the uncondition response?
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unlearned response to the uncondition stimulus
ex. savlivating to food |
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what is the condition stimulus?
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neutral stimulus becomes a reflexive reponse
ex. footsteps |
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what is the condition response?
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learned response to a neutral stimulus
ex salivating when hearing footsteps |
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what is higher order conditionting?
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neutral stimulus is paired with an already existing condition stimulus
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What are the factors that affect conditioning?
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elapsed time- must be brief b/t NS n UCS
stimulus generalization- occurance of a learned response to similiar stimuli stimulus discrimation- to specific stimulus not similar stimuli |
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what is spontaneous recovery?
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reappearance of a previously extinguished CR
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What does Watson do?
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sells classical conditioning to AMericans
using rat fear in baby |
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What does MAry Jones do?
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deconditions fear
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What are the problems of Classical conditioning
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1. cant explain language production or diversity
2.cant explain behavior changes n instincts 3.no application 4. no mental processes used |
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what is operant conditioning
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introduced by B.F Skinner
learning of non reflexive behavior= voluntary shaped by consequences |
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Who influence operant conditioning?
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thorndikes law of effects- effect of response determindd if future responses will be strenghten or weaken( cat and boxes)
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What is postive reinforcement?
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addition of something pleasant or desirable to increase likilhood of repeating behavior
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what uis negative reinforcement?
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removal of something unpleasant to increase likelihood of repeating behavior
ex taking advil for headaches |
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what is a primary reinforcing stimulus?
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naturally reinforcing
ex water food sex sleep, termination of pain |
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what is secondary/ conditioning
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something we learned to associate with primary
ex money for good grades |
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what is token and social factors
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token- something tangable- money stars
social- nontangable- praise |
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What is continous reinforcement?
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always give reinforcement after desire behavior
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what is partial reinforcement?
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no giving all the time
less likly that behavior will become extinct |
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what is a ratio schedule of reinforcement?
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give reinforcement after a certain mumber of times
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what is interval schedule of reinforcement?
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given after passage of time
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what are the 2 types of ratio?
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fixed ratio- fix # of responses
Variable ratio- given after varying responses based on averages ex. slot machines |
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what are the two types of interval schedules?
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fixed- following a specific period of time- pay checks
variable- varying amount of time based on averages ex random drug test |
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What is are the two types of punishment?
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-application- add something undesirable ( spanking)
Removal-take away reinforcing stimulus ( car or phone priveldges) |
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What are the rules for using punishment?
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1. must be consistent
2. immediate- cant wait till dad gets home 3. appropriate- must fit crime |
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what is shaping>
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reinforce successively closer aproximations until correct behavior is displayed.
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What is insight?
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sudden realization on how to solve a problem
Kohler- apes n bananas experiment |
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what is observational learning?
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learning by observing others.
BoBO doll experiment- watch the movies n childern mimiced behavior |
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What is memory?
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process that enables aquiring, retaining and retriving info
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what are the 3 fundemental processes of memory?
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encoding- enter info to be stored
storage retrieval |
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What is consolidation?
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must take place
synthesis of protein actually changes brains to retain info |
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What are the 3 stages of memory proposed by atkinson n shiffrin in 1968?
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sensory- large amounts of info but fades quickly
short term- holds up 9 items for 30 seconds long term |
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what is displacement?
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when short term memory is full
new item replaces old item |
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what is chunking?
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to improve short term memory remember things in chunks like phone numbers
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what is maintence rehearsal?
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repetition of info
to maintain beyond 30 secs never in long term memory |
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what is elaborative rehearsal
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focus on meaning of info n relate it to something u already know or a topic of interest
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What are tge 2 types of long term memory
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explict- consious recall
implicit- unconsious recall |
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what are the 2 types of explicit memory
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episodic-events u experience
sematic- general knowledge for everyone |
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what is procedural info
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implicit memory such as motor skills
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what is retrieval?
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process to recall stored info
triggered by clue or hint |
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what tip of the tongue?
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sensation of knowing
temporary unable to retrieve info |
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how does retrieval fail?
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inadequte of missing retrieval cues
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what is free recall?
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produc info with no retrieval cues (essay test
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what is cued recalled?
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rememberin info in response to a cue
(matching or fill in the blank test) |
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what is recognition?
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indentify current info from choices ( multiple choice)
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what is primacy effect
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recall earlier info better
(factor that affect retrieval) |
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what is recency effect?
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recall most recent info better
(factor that affects retrieval |
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how does enviroment context affect retrieval?
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recall info better in the same enviromentas u learned it
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how was emotional state affect retrieval?
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recall info better in same emotion u learned it
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what is a flashbuld memory
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recall of a specific image or detail in a rare vivid significant event
not recalled better but more confident in accuracy |
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what is the problem with reconstructing memories?
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memories aren't stored in 1 place
not played back can be changed |
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what did Loftus do to distort eyewitness testimony?
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change memory by changing wording to questions about a car crash
used smash, collide, bump, hit, contact he also implanted fasle memories |
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How must police approach lineups now?
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can't show witness a book of possible witness before line( confuse ppl in book with criminal)
no longer show 10 ppl at 1 time but 1 at a time must be made up of same gender n race |
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Why cant' the ask leading questions?
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implant fasle memories in witnesses
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what factors affect witness accurracy
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stress weapon focus
exposure time accuracy confidence cross racial- define own race better event info- get after event color perception- night day unconscious transference- identify from book not crime intoxication attitudes n expectations |
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are traumatic events repressed?
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no they are rarely forgotten
questionable methods are used if they are |
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What causes forgetting?
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encoding failure- never was encoding
decay-if u dont use it u lose it interference- new info interfers with old info |
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how do u improve memory?
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overlearn
used spaced study- no cramming |
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What are the types of mnemonics?
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rhyme
loci- link info to a specific placfe peg word- put info to something u already know |
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What causes forgetting?
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encoding failure- never was encoding
decay-if u dont use it u lose it interference- new info interfers with old info |
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how do u improve memory?
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overlearn
used spaced study- no cramming |
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What are the types of mnemonics?
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rhyme
loci- link info to a specific placfe peg word- put info to something u already know |
