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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Myeloschisis
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Cleft spinal cord
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Holoprosencepaly
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Decreased separation of hemispheres
Results in cyclopia Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) SHH Severe fetal alcohol syndrome Cleft lip/palate |
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Microcephaly
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Small brain
Not enough neurons (faulty neurogenesis/loss) Fetal alcohol syndrome Viral infections MCPH1 gene (microcephalin) |
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Cortical Dysplasias
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Abnormality in cerebral cortex lamination
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Lissencephaly
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Smooth brain (cortex)
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Heterotopia
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Neurons in the wrong place
Associated with seizures |
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Communicating hydrocephalus
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Decreased CSF absorption by arachnoid villi
Leads to increased intracranial pressure Papilledema and Herniation Entire ventricular system is enlarged |
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Obstructive (noncommunicating) hydrocephalus
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Caused by structural blockage within ventricles
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Setting Sun Sign
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Sign of hydrocephalus
Eyes deviate downward + inward Vertical gaze is limited Nausea, vomiting, and lethargy If before suture closes, head enlargement |
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Arnold-Chiari Malfromation (Type II)
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Medulla + cerebellar tonsils displaced through FM
Aqueduct/4th ventricle blocked Accompanied by meningomyelocele Headache, Ataxia, Brainstem compression |
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Arnold-Chiari Malformation (Type I)
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No medulla herniation
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Dandy-Walker Malformation
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Large posterior fossa
Absent cerebellar vermis w/ enlarged 4th ventricle Can lead to hydrocephalus and spina bifida |
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Germinal matrix hemorrhage
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Veins and capillaries rupture lining the ventricles
Due to pulmonary/respiratory distress increasing press |
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Periventricular Leukomalacia
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Ischemic lesion
Caused by hypotension Infarcts in white matter Necrosis produces yellow plaues Occurs in pervintricular white matter Spastic limb paralysis Cognitive and behavior deficits |
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Anoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
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Brain damage due to oxygen deprivation
Caused by placental infarct or detachment Umbilical cord compression Heart defects Neuron death in pontine nuclei + subiculum |
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Cerebral Palsy
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Chronic motor disability of cerebral origin
Not evident at birth Not degenerative/progressive (damage happened) |
