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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Out of 1000 babies, how many are born with congenital heart diseases? |
8 |
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What percentage of babies born with CHD are cyanotic? |
20% |
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Which 5 disorders at birth lead to cyanosis? |
The 5 T's 2) Transposition of the Great Arteries 3) Truncus Arteriosus 4) Tricuspid Atresia 5) Total Anamolous Pulmonary Venous Return |
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What 4 types of shunts are acyanotic? |
1) ASD 2) VSD 3) PDA 4) AVSD |
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What 3 types of obstruction are acyanotic? |
1) AS 2) PS 3) Coarctation of the aorta |
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What is another term for Eisenmenger's syndrome? |
Tardive/Late onset cyanosis (due to pulmonary scarring) |
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What chromosomal abnormalities can lead to CHD? (5) |
- Trisomy 13, 15, 18, 21 - Turner Syndrome (Xo) |
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What single gene defects can lead to CHD? (3) |
1) DiGeorge Syndrome 2) Noonan Syndrome 3) Williams Syndrome |
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What in utero disease states can lead to CHD? (2) |
1) Congenital Rubella Syndrome 2) Diabetic Mother |
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What CHD is likely in a neonate with Down syndrome?
Turner Syndrome? |
Down - AVSD
Turner - Coarctation of the aorta |
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What CHDs are likely in DiGeorge, Noonan, and William's syndromes? |
DiGeorge - Truncus arteriosus
Noonan - Pulmonic Stenosis
Williams - Supravalvar Aortic Stenosis |
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What CHD would in utero rubella infection cause? |
Patent Ductus Arteriosus |
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What CHD would in utero diabetic mother cause? |
Transposition of the Great Arteries |
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Does blood oxygen saturation decrease with left to right shunt? |
No |
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Why does the right ventricle experience hypertrophy over time in a left to right shunt CHD? |
Pulmonary capillaries constrict leading to less surface area and thus greater pressure in the right ventricle due |
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What kind of murmur is heard in a ASD? |
Flow murmur over right ventricular outflow tract |
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What is the most common ASD? |
Secundum |
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What relation does VSD size have with murmur sound? |
The smaller the VSD, the louder the murmur |
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What are 2 types of VSD? |
Membranous and muscular |
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What can occur with untreated PDA? |
CHF due to lost of pressure in aorta that should have gone to coronary arteries |
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What are the treatments for PDA? (3) |
- Surgical ligation - Transcatheter coil occlusion - Indomethacin |
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What does cyanosis mean in terms of blood flow? |
Blood is shunted right to left |
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What would an x-ray show missing in a cyanotic baby? |
No vascular markings in pulmonary blood flow (AKA black lungs) |
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If CHD is not repaired in a cyanotic baby, what 5 complications can occur? |
1) Growth retardation 2) Polycythemia (upping RBCs and Hb) 3) Clubbing (swelling of fingers) 4) Cerebral hypoxia 5) Paradoxic embolism |
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How is a large VSD in ToF measured? |
Whether it is larger than aortic valve |
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What is the area under the pulmonary valve called? |
Infundibulum of the right ventricle |
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What is an overriding aorta? |
In ToF, aorta is shifted right so part of it is over the right ventricle |
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What risk does stress or valsalvic pressure have for a baby with ToF? |
Spasms in muscle beneath pulmonary valve, cutting pulmonary circulation (Tet spells) |
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How would a neonate survive with TGA? |
Some kind of shunt (VSD, PDA, PFO) |
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How is TGA mitigated at birth? |
Balloon atrial septostomy |
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What occurs if TGA with shunt is unrepaired? |
RVH |
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What is another term for surgical switch of great arteries in TGA? |
Mustard |
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What two problems occur with Congenitally Corrected TGA in later years? (2) |
Right ventricular failure and tricuspid valve failure |
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What is truncus arteriosus?
With what other CHD is it associated? |
Failure to divide the trunk into an aorta and pulmonary artery
VSD |
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What is tricuspid atresia? |
No valve between RA and RV, just a solid muscular floor
(ASD and VSD must be present to survive in utero) |
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What is TAPVR? |
Total Anamolous Pulmonary Venous Return: pulmonary veins fail to drain into LA and instead drains into the coronary sinus or portal venous system |
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How does coarctation of the aorta present later in life if it is not discovered in infancy? |
Hypertension in a teenager |
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What is the characteristic appearance in children with Williams syndrome? (4) |
- Elven faces - Lateral upper eyelid fullness - Small nose - Full lips |
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What psychological signs do children with Williams syndrome have? (3) |
- Irritability - Mimicking (cocktail party personality) - Mental retardation |
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What gene is defective in Williams syndrome? |
Elastin gene on chromosome 7 |
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What are the facial features of Noonan syndrome? (4) |
- Short webbed neck - Epicanthal folds - Ptosis - Ear malformation |
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What other physical signs besides the face are associated with Noonan Syndrome? (3) |
- Hypoplastic nipples - Pectus excavatus - Cryptorchidism |
