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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Associative Structure |
•Components of an operant situation: –Stimulus (S or SD): Every instrumental behavior is performed in an environment with specific stimuli (e.g., turning you key to turn on your car).–Response (R) –Outcome (O) |
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3-Way Contingency (Diagram of instrumental conditioning) |
S-->O: Pavlovian Association: your prediction of the outcome S-->R: you’re not doing it for the outcome, you’re doing it out of habit R-->O: you’re doing it because you want the outcome; goal-directed |
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S-R Association |
S-R associations represent habits. A habitual response is an automatic reaction to the stimulus context in which the goal was previously obtained |
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Demonstration of S-R What procedure do you use to test if the habit has been formed in the S-R? |
Devaluation Procedure. Tone:SD BarPress: R Food:O You will devalue the food then test what happens to the responding Tone: No change in bar pressing No Tone: Not respond (if a habit has been formed, then the rat will keep pressing the bar) |
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S-O Association |
•Expectancy of reward •Anticipatory Learning = Pavlovian Conditioning |
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Demonstration of S-O How do you test? |
SD training: noise--> lever press-->sucrose light-->chain pull-->food Response training: wheel turn-->sucrose nose poke-->food Test diff. stimuli: noise-->wheel turn or nose poke?? wheel turn light-->wheel turn or nose poke?? nose poke |
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•How does an S-O association motivate Instrumental behavior? |
•Two-Process Theory: –Pavlovian process –Instrumental process |
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Two process theory |
•The S-O activates an emotional state –Positive if outcome is an appetitive stimulus –Negative if outcome is an aversive stimulus •This emotional state then (which createsmotivation) summates with the appetitive motivation that is involved in making the instrumental response |
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How do we test idea that S-O association can motivate instrumental behavior?
PavlovianInstrumental Transfer (PIT) |
Phase 1: lever press-->food Phase 2: tone-->food Phase 3: lever press-->food w/ tone & w/o tone If S-O association motivates instrumental bx, then the rate of lever pressing will increase w/ tone |
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R-O Association |
Goal directed association |
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Demonstration of R-O How do you test to see if R-O association has been developed? |
Devaluation procedure. Training: lever pressing-->sucrose chain pulling-->food Devaluation: sucrose-->makes sick food-->nothing happens Test: lever pressing or chain pulling? animals chose chain pulling because they associate lever pressing w/ sickness |
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Other theories of reinforcement: •Hull’s Drive Reduction |
–The body wants to main homeostasis –When a need occurs, this upsets homeostasis (e.g., hunger, thirst) –Anything that can restore the body back to homeostasis can be a reinforcer –E.g., if you are hungry, food is an excellent reinforcer. |
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Other theories of reinforcement: •Premack’s Principle |
–All responses should be thought of as reinforcers –Any response that occurs with a fairly high frequency can be used to reinforce a response that occurs with a relatively lower frequency |
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Other theories of reinforcement: •Response-DeprivationHypothesis |
–William Timberlake –The proportional distribution ofactivities constitutes an equilibrium examples: If we deprive an animal from eating for 10 mins, it puts whole system in disequilibrium. Ifyou force an animal to wheel run more than it wants, wheel running will become a punisher for the animal. You can punish the animal for other bxs |
