Concepts Of Neurologic Dysfunction

Front 1

Drugs/causes associated with Reye Syndrom

Back 1

- Typically develops after a child has recovered from varicella, influenza B, URI, or gastritis
- ASA use during above illness

Front 2

Causes of Spina Bifida Occulta

Back 2

Cause unknown, commonly associated with maternal folate deficiency and genetic alterations

Front 3

Causes of Myasthenia Gravis

Back 3

Pathologic changes in the thymus

Front 4

Where do Primary Gliomas originate

Back 4

- Brain substance
- Astrocytoma: expand and infiltrate into surrounding brain tissues. Have lost normal growth restraint so they proliferate uncontrollably

Front 5

Define Multiple Sclerosis

Back 5

Acquired, progressive, autoimmune inflammatory, demyelinating disorder of the CNS

Front 6

Prevalence and causes of Multiple Sclerosis

Back 6

- Most prevalent in areas far from the equator
- Causes:

Front 7

Where will you notice the deficit of function with a cord injury?

Back 7

- Skeletal, bladder, bowel, sexual function, thermal control, and autonomic control below level of lesion

Front 8

Most common location of spinal injury

Back 8

Cervical (1,2,4-7) and T10 - L2 lumbar vertebrae

Front 9

Why are cervical injuries life threatening?

Back 9

Impaired diaphragm function

Front 10

Spinal Cord Trauma Prevalence

Back 10

- Most prevalent in males age 16 - 30
- MVC - 41%
- Falls - 27%
- Violence and Sports - 32%

Front 11

Spinal Cord Trauma Risk to Elderly

Back 11

- Preexisting degenerative vertebral disorders
- Minor trauma can cause serious spinal injury

Front 12

Explain what occurs with a traumatic cord injury i.e. edema, hemorrhage, etc…

Back 12

- Edema: impairs the microcirculation of the cord
- Hemorrhages appear in in the central gray matter and increase in size until entire gray matter is hemorrhagic

Front 13

Define paraplegia

Back 13

Weakness or paralysis of lower extremities

Front 14

Define quadriplegia

Back 14

Weakness or paralysis of all 4 extremities

Front 15

Explain why the person with a spinal cord injury will have a deficit in normal function.

Back 15

Sites lack continuous nervous discharges from the brain

Front 16

Where will you notice the deficit of function with a cord injury?

Back 16

At and below the level of injury

Front 17

Meningitis – Signs/Symptoms and causes

Back 17

- Fever, tachycardia, chills, petechial rash, severe throbbing headache, severe photophobia, nuchal rigidity, decrease in consciousness, cranial nerve palsies seizures, projectile vomiting
-

Front 18

Encephalitis - Signs/Symptoms and causes

Back 18

- Fever, delirium, confusion progresing to unconciousness, seizures, cranial nerve palsies, signs of marked ICP
- Mosquito born viruses and Herpes simplex type 1

Front 19

Increased intracranial pressure (IICP) - Normal CPP range and subsequently what happens to the patient

Back 19

- 1 to 15 mm Hg
- Person's condition deteriorates rapidly

Front 20

Cause of IICP

Back 20

Increase in intracranial content such as tumor growth, edema, CSF, or hemorrhage

Front 21

Effect of IICP on Brain Tissue

Back 21

Brain tissues begin to experience hypoxia and hypercapnia

Front 22

Cerebral Edema - What is the pathophysiologic change that occurs with cerebral edema?

Back 22

Increase in the fluid content of the brain tissue (intracellular and extracellular)

Front 23

Causes and harmful effects of cerebral edema

Back 23

Distortion of blood vessels, displacement of brain tissues, and eventual herniation of brain tissue from one brain compartment to another

Front 24

Know what TIA is and clinical manifestations

Back 24

- Temporary decreases in brain blood flow resulting in brief changes in brain function
- Resolves in 24 hours with no deficits

Front 25

Parkinson Disease - Causes and clinical manifestations

Back 25

- Nigral and basl loss of neurons with depletion of dopamine, enchephalitis, meningitis, head trauma, stroke
- Tremors at rest, rigidity, bradykinesia/akinesia, postural disturbance, dysarthria and dysphagia

Front 26

CVA/Stroke - Incidence and risk factors

Back 26

- Third leading cause of death in U.S., leading cause of disability, 2 times greater in blacks than in whites
- HTN, smoking, DM, Type II DM, Atrial fibrillation

Front 27

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Back 27

Bleeding

Front 28

Thombotic Stroke

Back 28

Ischemia

Front 29

Embolic Stroke

Back 29

Ischemia

Front 30

Level of Consciousness – A&O x 4, breathing patterns & pupillary responses

Back 30

- Alterations in breathing patterns can detect dysfunction
- Pupillary changes indicate presence and level of brain stem dysfunction

Front 31

Define Seizures and Brain Activity

Back 31

Sudden, transient alteration of brain function caused by an abrupt, explosive, disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons

Front 32

Seizure Causes

Back 32

Hypoglycemia, fatigue, lack of sleep, emotional or physical stress, febrile illness, environmental stimuli (blinking lights, loud noises, certain music)

Front 33

Alzheimer Disease - What is it and what pathological changes occur in the brain?

Back 33

- Senile disease complex that causes forgetfulness, emotional upset, disorientation, confusion, lack of concentration, decline in abstraction, problem solving, and judgment
- Protein in the neurons become twisted, forming tangles

Front 34

Aura

Back 34

Sensation preceeding the onset of generalized seizure that may take the form of gustatory, visual, or auditory experience or a feeling of dizziness or numbness

Front 35

Prodroma

Back 35

Early clinical manifestations such as malaise, headache, sense of depression, hours to a few days before a seizure

Front 36

Tonic

Back 36

- Associated with loss of conciousness
- Contraction: a state of excessive muscle tone

Front 37

Closure

Back 37

- Intermittent muscle contractions gradually decrease and finally cease
- relaxation, alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles