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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Oogenesis?
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Process where ovaries form ova
1 Oogonium splits a few times and ultimately creates 1 ovum capable of being fertilized |
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What is spermatogenesis?
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Process where testes produce sperm
1 spermatogonium ultimately produce 4 sperm cells |
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What happens in the PREPARATION for fertilization?
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-Estrogen levels increase (proliferates endometrium)
-Peristalsis of fallopian tubes increases (to move the egg) -Cervical mucus thins (so the sperm can get through) |
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How long is the ova viable for?
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24 hours
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What does the sperm do for fertilization?
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-Capacitation to expose acrosome (removes membrane off of sperm head)
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Is polyspermy possible?
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No. Once 1 sperm enters the egg, the eggs membrane changes blocking other sperm from entering
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What is "true fertilization"?
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When the nuclei of ovum and sperm unite (on the chromosome level)
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Describe fraternal twins:
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-Dizygotic (2 eggs, 2 sperm)
-Separate placentas, chorions, amnions -Not identical (can be same or opposite sex) -Incidence increases with maternal age, in families with genetic factors that increase amounts of gonadotropin |
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Describe identical twins:
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-Monozygotic (1 egg, 1 sperm)
-Same placenta, chorion and amnion may be same of different depending on when division occurs -Same sex -Random event |
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What does Preembryonic Development include?
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1) Cellular multiplication
2) Implantation |
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What occurs during cellular multiplication?
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1) Zygote moves through fallopian tube
2) Rapit mitotic division - morula 3) Blastocyst develops into embryo and amnion 4) Trophoblast develops into chorion |
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When does implantation happen?
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7-9 weeks after fertilization
Attaches to surface of endometrium (now called decidua) |
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What's the chorion?
What does it do? |
The outer most membrane (finger-like projections)
This is what burrows into the endometrium, where nutrients are absorbed |
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What's the amnion?
What does it contain? |
A thin protective membrane
Amniotic fluid |
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What's the function of amniotic fluid?
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Protection, temp regulation, symmetrical growth, prevents adherence of the amnion, freedom of movement
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Normal amt of amniotic fluid:
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700-1000cc's at term
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What's oligohydramnios?
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Less amniotic fluid than normal (could mean the baby is drinking the fluid but not urinating)
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What's polyhydramnios?
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More amniotic fluid than normal (>2000cc's). Could mean baby is not drinking
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What's the yolk sac?
What is its purpose? |
A second cavity developed at 8-9 days.
Forms primitive RBC's during 1st 6 wks |
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What forms the umbilical cord?
What does it attach? |
The amnion
Attaches the embryo to the yolk sac |
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What are the blood vessels in the umbilical cord?
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2 arteries
1 vein (abbreviated AVA) |
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What prevents the cord from compression?
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Wharton's jelly
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Cord issues:
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Twisted or spiraled from fetal movement
Nuchal cord True knot |
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What's the function of the placenta?
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Metabolic, nutrient, and gas exchange between embryonic and maternal circulation
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Development of placenta:
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Chorionic villi-functional layer
Anchoring villi-forms the partitions cotyledons Branching villi-vascular system where gas exchange takes place This actually confuses me and I'm not sure if we need to know it, but wanted to throw it in |
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What sound can be heard that is synchronous with the fetal heartbeat?
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*Funic souffle; soft blowing heard over umbilical cord
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What sound can be heard that is synchronous with maternal pulse?
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*Uterine souffle; heard just above mother's pelvis
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Placental bloodflow is enhanced when mother lies on ______ side
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LEFT
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What are some metabolic activities that occur in the placenta?
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Produces glycogen, fatty acids, cholesterol; stores glycogen, iron
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What is faster, simple diffusion or facilitated transport?
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facilitated transport
(ex in class: if hypoxia is a problem, would want O2 to go by facilitated transport because it is faster) |
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What is transported via active transport by the placenta that encourages maternal anemia?
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Iron
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Hormones produced by the placenta: (4)
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1) Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
2) Progesterone 3) Estrogen 4) Human Placental Lactogen |
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Which hormone is the basis for pregnancy tests?
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HCG
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Function of HCG
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-Prevents closure of corpus luteum (need it to secrete estrogen et progesterone)
-Present in blood: 8-10 days before missed period -Present in urine: a few days after missed period |
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Purpose of progesterone:
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-keeps uterus "quiet" (decreases contractility)
-essential for pregnancy to continue after 11 wks |
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Purpose of estrogen:
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GROW
Proliferative function in breasts et uterus |
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Purpose of Human Placental Lactogen:
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*Indicator of fetal growth
similar to growth hormone stimulates changes in maternal metabolic processes |
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How is due date/length of pregnancy calculated?
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-10 lunar months or 40wks
- Postconception age is 38wks after fertilization (subtract 2 weeks after last day of last period because it takes about 14 days to ovulate after that) |
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1st 14 days of development=
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Preembryonic stage
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Day 15 through 8th wk=
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Embryonic stage
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9th wk through birth=
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Fetal stage
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In what stage is the baby most vulnerable to Terratogens (harm)?
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Embryonic stage
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What is the most advanced organ at 3 wks?
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The heart
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What systems show most development in 4-5 wks?
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Heart
Brain Circulatory system |
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Structures in 6-7 wks:
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-Head structures highly developed
-Arms & legs have digits -Liver produces RBCs -Eyelids begin to form |
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What happens at 8 wks?
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-resembles a human being
-eyelids fuse -external genitals appear (unable to tell sex) -rectal passage opens -long bones are forming -large muscles contract (twitching to help grow) |
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When can we hear a fetal heart beat with a doppler?
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9-12 wks
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What else happens in wks 9-12
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-sucking reflex present
-forms urine -swallows amniotic fluid -meconium (stool) present in intestines |
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When can we tell the sex of a baby?
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16-20wks
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What happens in wks 13-16?
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Rapid growth
Lanugo (hair) present Moves arms and legs |
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How much does a baby weigh at 20 wks?
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1 lb (454g) - fits in the palm of your hand.
Mother feels movement at 20wks |
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When do the alveoli in the lungs begin to form?
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24wks
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If born at 24 wks, is this viable?
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Yes, but would need vent support and would be on it for a long time
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What develops rapidly in wks 25-28?
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The brain
CNS mature enough to provide some regulatory function Weighs about 1200g (2.5lbs) |
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What occurs in wks 29-32?
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Pupilary light reflex present
Stores iron, Ca, phosphorous Weighs 2000g (~4lbs) |
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Wks 36-40 primarily focus on....
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Weight gain; ~1lb/week
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When is maternal nutrition most important?
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5th lunar month to 6 months of life
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What is linked to CNS defects?
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Hyperthermia (hot tubs, saunas, etc...)
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