Concept 3-Energy And Metabolism

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Absorption Spectrum

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Spectrum that shows how well a medium is able to absorb certain wavelengths of light.

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Acetyl coA

Back 2

Molecule produced during glycolsis. Oxidized during the Krebs Cycle in order to produce energy.

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Anabolism

Back 3

Creation of complex substances from more simpler ones.

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Anaerobic Metabolism

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Metabolism that causes lactic acid buildup due to fermentation occurring rather than cellular respiration. In human beings, it is usually only used for short bursts of high physical activity.

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ATP

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Source of energy in cells that is continuously recycled and reused.

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ATP Synthase

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Enzyme responsible for adding a phosphate ground to ADP, forming ATP.

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Autotroph

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Creates necessary macromolecules through either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

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Calvin Cycle

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Process that takes place in the chloroplast; Uses ATP, NADPH, and CO2 to produce sugar

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Cellular Respiration

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Process in which energy is created in the form of ATP from glucose.

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Chemiosmosis

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Process through which ATP is actually produced. Hydrogen ions are moved across a membrane through ATP synthase. The gradient is harnessed to produce ATP

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Chlorophyll

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Pigment found in chloroplasts. Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

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Chloroplast

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Cell organelle found in plant cells. Serves as the center for photosynthesis.

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Citric Acid/ Krebs Cycle

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Stage of cellular respiration; Aerobic process in which Acetyl coA serves as the primary imput and ATP and NADH are produced, which CO2 serving as a by, product.

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Electron Transport Chain

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Site of oxidative phosphorylation; Used for the generation of ATP.

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FAD/FADH2

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FADH2 is used in oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP. FADH2 is the reduced form of FAD

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Feedback Inhibition

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A method of control in cells in which an enzyme that catalyzes the production of a certain molecule is halted or "inhibited" from functioning once a certain amount of the substance has been created.

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Fermentation

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Anerobic process that produces ATP and lactate when oxygen is not available for use.

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Glycolysis

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Process by which glucose is converted into pyruvate. Occurs in the cytoplasm.

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Light Dependent Reactions

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Light is absorbed by chlorophyll and is converted into chemical energy. Light is needed, ergo, "Light Dependent"

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Light Independent Reactions

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Sugar is created from CO2. These reactions do not require light to occur, ergo, "Light Independent."

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Metabolic Pathway

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Consists of a series of chemical reactions that occur within a cell; These reactions rely on enzymes to function. The steps of cellular respiration, for example, are individual metabolic pathways.

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Mitochondrion

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Cell organelle. Serves as the primary source of ATP in the cell. Site of cellular respiration.

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NAD/NADH

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NAD is an oxidizing agent. It accepts electrons and reduces to NADH. NADH can be used to donate electrons.

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NADP/NADPH

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NADP has an additional phosphate group, but serves a similar to function to NAD. This is the same for NADPH.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

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A phosphate group is added to ADP, forming ATP. The energy comes from the electron transport chain

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Photolysis

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Molecules are broken down due to light absorption.

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Photosynthesis

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Process that uses light energy to produce chemical energy; Occurs in the chloroplast.

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Photosystem I

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Second photosystem used in photosynthesis. The electron moves up the primary electron acceptor. The atom is then added to NADP reductase to create NADPH

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Photosystem II

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First photosystem used in photosynthesis. Absorbs the initial light, causing electrons to move up the primary electron acceptor. They are then passed down the ETC to photosystem I

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Pyruvate

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Created from glucose; Can either be used in the Krebs cycle or fermented to produce lactic acid.

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Stroma

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Thick fluid within the chloroplast; Contains both DNA and ribosomes.

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Substrate, level Phosphorylation

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The formation of ATP from ADP. Done by adding a phosphate group to ADP.

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Thylakoid Membrane

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Site of light reactions in the chloroplasts of plants; Consists of a fluid filled compartment bound by a membrane.