Comst 102 Final Exam Fall 2008

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audience

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the specific group of people to which the speech is directed

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audience analysis

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a study made to learn about the diverse characteristics of audience members and then, based on these characteristics, to predict how audience members are apt to listen to, understand, and be motivated to act on your speech

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audience feedback

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nonverbal and verbal cues that indicate audience members' reaction to what the speaker is saying

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audience centered

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considering who your listeners are and how your message can best be tailored to their interests, desires, and needs

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crediting ideas

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giving the sources of information you use

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cultural setting

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the values, beliefs, meanings, and social mores of specific B35groups of people to which your audience members belong

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Ethics

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a set of moral principles that a society, group, or individual holds that differentiate right from wrong and good behavior from badbehavior

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Historical setting

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events that have already occurred that are related to your speech topic, to you as a speaker, to previous speeches given by you with which audience members are familiar, or to other encounters that audience members have had with you

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MACrostructure

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the overall framework you use to organize your speech content

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MICrostructure

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the specific language and style choices you use as you frame your ideas and verbalize them to your audience

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oration

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a sustained formal presentation made by a speaker to an audience

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physical setting

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the location,size of room, seating arrangement, distance between audience and speaker, time of day, room temperature, and lighting

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plagiarsim

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stealing and passing off the ideas, words, or created works of another as one's own without crediting the source

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psychological setting

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the feelings, attitudes, and beliefs of individual audience members that affect how your speech message is perceived

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public speech

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a sustained formal presentation made by a speaker to an audience

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speaking context

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the physical, cultural, historical, and psychological factors in the setting in which your speech is presented

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speaking conversationally

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Sounding as though you are having a spontaneous conversation with your audience rather than simply reading to them or performing in front of them

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Speaking expressively

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Using various vocal techniques so you sound a bit more dramatic than you would in casual conversation

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speech effectiveness

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the extent to which audience members listen to, understand, remember, and are motivated to act on what a speaker has said

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speech planning process

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the system that you use to prepare a speech

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adaptation reaction

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the gradual decline of your anxiety level that begins about one minute into the presentation and results in your anxiety level's declining toits prespeaking level in about five minutes

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anticipation reaction

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the level of anxiety you experience prior to giving the speech, including the nervousness you feel while preparing and waiting tospeak

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audience adaptation

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the process of tailoring your speech's information to the needs, interests, and expectations of your listeners

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cognitive restructuring

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a process designed to help you systematically rebuild your thoughts about public speaking

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communication orientation

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viewing a speech as just an opportunity to talk with a number of people about a topic that is important to the speaker and to the audience

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communication orientation motivation (COM)

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techniques designed to reduce anxiety by helping the speaker adopt a communication rather than a performance orientation toward the speech

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confrontation reaction

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the surge in your anxiety level that you feel as you begin your speech

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narrative/personal experience speech

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a presentation in which you recount an experience you have had and the significance you attach to that experience

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performance orientation

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viewing public speaking as a situation demanding special delivery techniques to impress an audience aesthetically or viewing audience members as hypercritical judges who will not forgive even our minor mistakes

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public speaking apprehension

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a type of communication anxiety; the level of fear a person experiences when anticipating or actually speaking to an audience

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public speaking skills training

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systematic teaching of the skills associated with the processes involved in preparing and delivering an effective public speech with the intention of improving speaking competence as a means of reducing public speaking apprehension

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self-talk

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thoughts about success or failure that go through one's mind prior to or during a particular situation

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speech goal

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a statement of what you want your listeners to know, believe, or do

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speech plan

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a strategy for achieving your goal

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systematic desensitization

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a method that reduces apprehension by gradually having people visualize increasingly more frightening events

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visualization

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a method that reduces apprehension by helping speakers develop a mental picture of themselves giving a masterful speech systematic

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active listening

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identifying the organization of ideas, asking questions, silently paraphrasing, attending to nonverbal cues, and taking notes

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attending

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paying attention to what the speaker is saying regardless of extraneous interferences

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constructive critique

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an analysis of a speech or presentation that evaluates how well a speaker meets a specific speaking goal while following the norms for good speaking and that recommends how the presentation could be improved

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critical analysis

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the process of evaluating what you have heard to determine a speech's completeness, usefulness, and trustworthiness

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hearing

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the biological process that occurs when the brain detects sound waves

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listening

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the process of receiving, attending to, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken or nonverbal messages

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paraphrase

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a statement in your own words of the meaning you have assigned to a message

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remembering

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being able to retain and recall information that you have heard

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understanding

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the ability to assign accurate meaning to what was said

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audience adaptation

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the process of tailoring your speech's information to the needs, interests, and expectations of your listeners

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audience analysis

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the study of the intended audience for your speech

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brainstorming

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an uncritical, nonevaluative process of generating associated ideas

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concept mapping

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a visual means of exploring connections between a subject and related ideas

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credibility

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the perception that you are knowledgeable, trustworthy, and personable

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demographic diversity

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the range of demographic characteristics represented in an audience

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general goal

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the overall intent of the speech

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listener relevance links

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statements of how and why the ideas you offer are of interest to your listeners

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marginalizing

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ignoring the values, needs, and interests of certain audience members, leaving them feeling excluded from the speaking situation

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multiple-response items

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survey items that give the respondent several alternative answers from which to choose

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open-ended items

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survey items that encourage respondents to elaborate on their opinions without forcing them to answer in a predetermined way

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scaled items

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survey items that measure the direction and/or intensity of an audience member's feeling or attitude toward something

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setting

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the location and occasion for a speech

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speaking situation

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the circumstances under which you deliver your speech

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specific goal

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a single statement that identifies the exact response the speaker wants from the audience

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stereotyping

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assuming all members of a group behave or believe alike simply because they belong to the group

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subject

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a broad area of expertise, such as movies, cognitive psychology, computer technology, or the Middle East

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two-sided items

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survey items that force the respondent to choose between two answers, such as yes/no, for/against, or pro/con

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audience adaptation

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the process of tailoring your speech's information to the needs, interests, and expectations of your listeners

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common ground

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the background, knowledge, attitudes, experiences, and philosophies that audience members and the speaker share

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credibility

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the confidence that an audience places in the truthfulness of what a speaker says

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initial audience disposition

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the knowledge of and opinions about your topic that your listeners have before they hear you speak

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knowledge and expertise

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how well you convince your audience that you are qualified to speak on the topic

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learning style

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a person's preferred way of receiving information

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personableness

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the extent to which you project an agreeable or pleasing personality

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personal pronouns

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we, us, and our—pronouns that directly link the speaker to members of the audience

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personalize

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to present information in a frame of reference that is familiar to the audience

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proximity

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the relevance of information to personal life space

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relevance

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adapting the information in a speech so that audience members view it as important to them

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rhetorical questions

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questions phrased to stimulate a mental response rather than an actual spoken response on the part of the audience

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timeliness

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showing how information is useful now or in the near future

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trustworthiness

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the extent to which the audience can believe that what you say is accurate, true, and in their best interests

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anecdotes

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brief, often amusing stories

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closed questions

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narrowfocus questions that require only very brief answers

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leading questions

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questions phrased in a way that suggests the interviewer has a preferred answer

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newsgroup (bulletin board)

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an electronic gathering place for people with similar interests

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primary questions

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questions the interviewer plans ahead of time

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logical reasons order

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organizing the main points of a persuasive speech by the reasons that support the speech goal

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main points

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completesentence statements of the two to five central ideas that will be used in the thesis statement

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narrative order

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organizing the main points as a story or series of stories

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parallel

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when wording of points follows the same structural pattern, often using the same introductory words

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section transitions

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complete sentences that show the relationship between, or bridge, major parts of a speech

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signposts

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words or phrases that connect pieces of supporting material to the main point or subpoint they address

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time order

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organizing the main points of the speech in a chronological sequence or by steps in a process

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topic order

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organizing the main points of the speech by categories or divisions of a subject

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action

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an attention-getting act designed to highlight your topic or purpose

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appeal to action

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a statement in a conclusion that describes the behavior you want your listeners to follow after they have heard your arguments

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clincher

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a one- or twosentence statement in a conclusion that provides a sense of closure by driving home the importance of your speech in a memorable way

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listener relevance link

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a statement of how and why your speech relates to or might affect your listeners

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primacy-recency effect

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the tendency to remember the first and last items conveyed orally in a series than the items in between

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antithesis

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combining contrasting ideas in the same sentence

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assonance

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repetition of vowel sounds in a phrase or phrases

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bias-free language

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language that demonstrates through word choices an ethical concern for fairness and respect with regard to race, ethnicity, gender, ability, sexual orientation, and diverse worldviews

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concrete words

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words that appeal to the senses or conjure up a picture

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connotation

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the feelings or evaluations we associate with a word

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hate speech

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the use of words and phrases to demean another person or group and to express the speaker's hatred and prejudice toward that person or group

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marking

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the addition of sex, race, age, or other group designations to a description