Computer Science I

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IDE

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Integrated Development Environment

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What is a computer program?

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A computer program is a sequence of instructions that specifies how to perform a computation.

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Statements

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The instructions given to a computer in the form of programming code.

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What are the 5 basic functions that most computer programming languages can perform?

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Input, Output, Math, Testing, and Repetition.

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Input

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A computer obtains data from the keyboard, a file, or some other device.

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Output

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A computer may display data on a screen or send data to a file or other device.

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Math (as a computer operation)

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A computer may perform basic mathematical operations like addition and multiplication.

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Testing (as a computer operation)

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A computer may check for certain conditions and execute the appropriate sequence of statements.

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Repetition (as a computer operation)

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A computer may perform some action repeatedly, usually with some variation.

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Programming

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The process of breaking a large, complex task up into smaller and smaller subtask until eventually the subtasks are simple enough to be performed with one of the basic computer operations (input, output, math, testing, and repetition).

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What's the single most important skill for a computer scientist?

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Problem solving

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Debugging

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The process of tracking down programming errors and fixing them.

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Compile-time Errors

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Errors that occur when a program is being compiled.

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Run-time Error

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Errors that don't occur until a program is running.

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Syntax Error

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Errors that occur when programming code is not written according to the rules of that particular programming language.

The result will be that a computer will not understand any statement (code) that is not properly written.

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Logic Errors (Semantics)

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Logic errors occur when code is written that causes a computer to execute the code in a way that was not intended. Computers do exactly what their instructed to do, meaning that logic errors are caused by an incorrect set of instructions provided to the computer through written code.

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Programming Language

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A formal language designed to express computations.

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Self-Commenting Code

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Code that is so descriptive and obvious that comments are rarely if ever needed. Write self-commenting code by using descriptive words for all variable names and method names, using strongly typed and well-defined variables, and encapsulating complex functionality into easy-to-describe functions. This leads to less reliance on commenting. Self-commented code should ideally be understandable even by a non-programmer.

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typed language

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That means that every object (variable) is assigned a data type, which determines what kind of variable it is and what data it stores.

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Unary Operator

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Some operations are applied to a single argument, such as the increment operator (++).

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Loop

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Loops are control structures that allow you to repeat a block of code multiple times, often while progressing through some set of data.

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Stack Overflow

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A stack overflow occurs when too much memory is used on the call stack.

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Operand

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A value used on either side of an operator.

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String

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an object that represents a sequence of characters.

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Conditional Statement

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Conditional statements are used to perform different actions based on different conditions.

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Do While Loop

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A Do while loop runs code at least once, even if the condition being tested is false.

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While Loop

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A While Loop tests the condition before running the code.

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Array

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An array is a collection of elements of the same type.

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Index

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The position of an element in an array

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What are the three dimensions of Object Oriented Programming?

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identity, attributes, and behavior

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Class

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A class describes what an object will be, but is separate from the object itself.

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Atrribute

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An attribute describes the current state of an object; also called characteristics.

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Behavior

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Behavior is specific to an object's (variable's) type.

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Identity

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A particular instance of an object. Each instance of an object has a unique identity.

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Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

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A programming methodology based on objects, instead of just functions and procedures.

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Method

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Also called a function, a method is a collection of statements that are grouped together to perform an operation.

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Methods define...

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behavior

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What happens when you declare a variable

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1) Declare the variable 2) allocate space in memory 3) initialize the variable with a value

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What is an instance variable?

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An instance variable is a variable defined in a class (a member variable).

An instance variable is similar to a class variable.

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The call stack contains...

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...a limited amount of memory, often determined at the start of the program. The size of the call stack depends on many factors, including the programming language, machine architecture, multi-threading, and amount of available memory.This class of software bug is usually caused by one of two types of programming errors: Infinite recursion and Very large stack variables.

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Algorithm

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A step by step set of instructions

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Boolean Expression

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A piece of information that is true or false, yes or no.