Computer Linux Network Definitions

Front 1

A frame used to discover the best path to a client
in source route bridging networks.

Back 1

(ARE): all routes explorer

Front 2

A unique physical address, Hexadecimal address of the system's NIC and is 48 bits long.

Back 2

Media Access Control (MAC) address

ex 00-10-A4-A8-DA-D0

Front 3

A protocol used by IP Network layer
protocols to map IP network addresses to the hardware addresses used by a
Data Link protocol.

Back 3

(ARP): Address Resolution Protocol

Front 4

A hardware circuit with
embedded code used in switching.

Back 4

(ASIC): application-specific integrated circuit

Front 5

A communications services technolgy that provides a common format for services with high bandwidth requirements, such as video conferencing and video on demand. Supports up to9935 Mbps

Back 5

(ATM) Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Front 6

An AppleTalk Network layer protocol
used to connect more than one network.

Back 6

(DDP): Datagram Delivery Protocol

Front 7

a transceiver cable between the medium access unit (MAU) and the data terminal equipment

Back 7

(AUI) attachment unit interface

Front 8

A function of network devices
where routing takes place using the full network ID and not the classful
address boundary.

Back 8

(CIDR): classless inter-domain routing

Front 9

A layered network architecture that
supports standard and proprietary protocols.

Back 9

(DNA): Digital Network Architecture

Front 10

A part of the Internet layer
that uses IP datagram delivery to send messages notifying the sender if
something has gone wrong in the transmission process.

Back 10

(ICMP): Internet Control Message Protocol

Front 11

An abbreviation for Internet Protocol version 4. A
widely deployed suite of protocols used in network communications. _____
is the most commonly deployed network communications protocol in the
world today.

Back 11

(IPv4): IP version 4

Front 12

An abbreviation for Internet Protocol version 6. The
newest version of the TCP/IP protocol that uses expanded features and
addressing to overcome the limitations of version 4.

Back 12

(IPv6): IP version 6

Front 13

A connectionless datagram-based
Layer 3 (Network) protocol of the IPX/SPX suite that is used to route packets
through networks.

Back 13

(IPX): Internetwork Packet Exchange

Front 14

provides the necessary protocol conversions so that wireless data users can continue to access existing network wired applications without requiring mods to the applications

Back 14

interworking function (IWF)

Front 15

An international orgnization that develops communication standards.

Back 15

(ITU-T) International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunications Standardization Sector

Front 16

allows more than one device to communicate.

Back 16

multiple access

Front 17

The maximum frame size allowed to
travel through a network, using a given protocol and media type.

Back 17

(MTU): maximum transmission unit

Front 18

A multiple access method that attempts to detect collisions at the receiver by establishing a request-response channel of communication between the sender and receiver

Back 18

multiple access collision avoidance (MACA)

Front 19

One of the core protocols of the IPX/SPX
suite. NCP handles requests for services, such as printing and file access,
between clients and servers.

Back 19

(NCP): NetWare Core Protocol

Front 20

a small segment of data stream message Xmitted over a packet-switched network, contains a small destination address in addition to data.

Back 20

packet

Front 21

NetBIOS Extended User Interface Specifies the way that
upper-level software sends and receives messages over the NetBIOS Frames
Protocol (NBF). It has become an industry standard.

Back 21

(NetBEUI): NetBIOS Extended User Interface

Front 22

a process in which the master broadcasts a query to node on the network, asking each node in turn whether it has anything to communicate.

Back 22

polling

Front 23

Developed in 1983 for
IBM to allow applications on different computers to communicate within a
local area network.

Back 23

(NetBIOS): Network Basic Input/Output System

Front 24

A multiple access scheme hat allows stations a communication channel whenever the stations have data to Xmit, but each station must add a checksum to the end of its Xmission to llow the receiver to to determine the frame was properly received.

Back 24

pure ALOHA

Front 25

A connection-oriented protocol developed
by Digital to manage flow control, segmentation, and reassembly
functions.

Back 25

(NSP): Network Services Protocol

Front 26

Combination of a slot reservation design with slotted ALOHA. This channel allocation scheme divides the channel bandwidth into slot sizes equal to the transmission time of a single packet.

Back 26

reservation ALOHA

Front 27

The process of replacing the source or destination
network and port address in a framewith a valid address and port number.

Back 27

(PAT)port address translation

Front 28

a process by which a large fraction of the single energy leaks into the receive path when a node is transmitting data

Back 28

self-interference

Front 29

A newer protocol that does essentially the
same thing as SLIP but has extra features, such as error detection and IP
address negotiation.

Back 29

(PPP): Point-to-Point Protocol

Front 30

Doubles the efficiency of the ALOHA protocol by completely overlapping packets when the collide so that the packet is reXmitted in a future slot until XMission is successful

Back 30

slotted ALOHA

Front 31

A network protocol
belonging to the OSI Data Link layer that is used to resolve a Data Link
layer address to the corresponding Network layer address.

Back 31

(RARP): Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

Front 32

Multiplexing of the transmission in different time periods but in the same frequency band.

Back 32

time division duplex

Front 33

A protocol in the IPX/SPX suite
through which network resources, such as file servers and print servers,
advertise their addresses and the services they provide.

Back 33

(SAP): Service Advertising Protocol

Front 34

A digital transmission technology that allows the users to access a single radio frequency (RF) channel without interference by dividing the channelinto time slots for each user

Back 34

time division multiple access (TDMA)

Front 35

An extremely simple framing
scheme for putting IP packets on a serial line.

Back 35

(SLIP): Serial Line Interface Protocol

Front 36

Resides on top of IPX and is a reliable,
connection-oriented protocol that supplements the datagram service provided
by IPX. SPX works with IPX to make sure that data is received whole,
in sequence, and error-free.

Back 36

(SPX): Sequenced Packet Exchange

Front 37

The Transport layer protocol that’s
part of the TCP/IP suite.

Back 37

(TCP): Transmission Control Protocol

Front 38

The language
of the Internet. This is a suite of protocols that enables packets to be
routed across many networks to arrive at their destination.

Back 38

(TCP/IP): Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

Front 39

A connectionless datagram service in the
TCP/IP suite that does not guarantee delivery and does not maintain an
end-to-end connection. It merely pushes the datagrams out and accepts
incoming datagrams.

Back 39

(UDP): User Datagram Protocol

Front 40

The process of creating multiple
subnetworks with using subnet masks that differ in length.

Back 40

(VLSM): variable-length subnet masking

Front 41

One of the earliest multiple access schemes. it allows network stations access to the channel whenever they have data to xmit. Each station has a checksum at the end of its xmission.

Back 41

ALOHA

Front 42

The process of adding the subnet mask to an IP address to determine
the network ID.

Back 42

ANDing

Front 43

The protocol suite used to interconnect Macintosh computers.
It is designed to be a flexible, simple, and inexpensive network means for
connecting computers, peripherals, and servers.

Back 43

AppleTalk

Front 44

layer 7 of the OSI reference model. This layer provides services to application processes to ensure that effective communication programs is possible

Back 44

Application layer

Front 45

a single cable segment used in bus topology to connect computers in straight line.

Back 45

backbone

Front 46

A special fixed node on a network.It is located in a central location for use in a wireless network.

Back 46

Base Station (BS)

Front 47

an international standardization organization

Back 47

ISO-Internation Organization for Standardization

Front 48

A state on a bridge or a switch in which traffic is not passed to or
from the port.

Back 48

blocking:

Front 49

The process of extending the subnet mask into the host portion
of a network address.

Back 49

borrowing

Front 50

the network layer protocol that is part of the TCP/IP suite

Back 50

IP - internet protocol

Front 51

a device that connects two or more segment of a network to make them one.

Back 51

bridge

Front 52

an organization that provides Internet access to customers, primarily as a paid service.

Back 52

ISP - internet service provider

Front 53

A two-part ID consisting of bridge priority and MAC address.

Back 53

bridge ID:

Front 54

A 2-byte user-configurable field that provides administrators
control over which bridge becomes the root.

Back 54

bridge priority:

Front 55

a sublayer of the Data Link layer that manages communications between devices over a single link. This layer includes error checking and flow control

Back 55

LLC - logical link layer

Front 56

The last available address for a given network address
range. This address can be identified when all host bits are set to 1.

Back 56

broadcast address

Front 57

a hybrid network topology used for fault tolerance in which computers connect to each other

Back 57

mesh

Front 58

A group of network devices that are capable of receiving
each other’s broadcast packets.

Back 58

broadcast domain:

Front 59

layer 3 of the OSI reference model. this layer provides connectivity and path selection between two systems. routing occurs on this layer

Back 59

Network layer

Front 60

The act of temporarily storing data in memory while waiting for
access to the media or for further processing.

Back 60

buffering:

Front 61

A hierarchical, abstract seven layer structure of communications between applications and processes running in computer system.

Back 61

OSI- Open Systems Interconnection reference model

Front 62

a major network topology in which the computers connect to a backbone cable segment to form a straight line

Back 62

bus

Front 63

a type of networking in which each computer can be a client to other computers and act as a server as well

Back 63

peer-to-peer

Front 64

An access method designed for station based networks, it divides the channel into a message channel and a busy-tone channel.

Back 64

busy-tone multiple access

Front 65

Layer 1 of OSI model.defines mechanical, functional procedural and electrical aspects of networking

Back 65

Physical Layer

Front 66

An alternative to systems based on bandwidth subdivision methods such as TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA. There is no division of bandwidth.

Back 66

capture-division packetized access (CDPA)

Front 67

public telephone system

Back 67

POTS-plain old telephone system

Front 68

A fundamental advance in network access because it checks whether the medium is active before sending a packet; that is, it listens before it xmits.

Back 68

carrier sense multiple access (CSMA)

Front 69

layer 6 of OSI model.translates data from application layer into an intermediary format, provides services such as data encryption, and compresses data

Back 69

Presentation Layer

Front 70

Designed to prevent collisions at the moment they are most likely to occur. All nodes are forced to wait for random number of time slots and then check the medium again before starting a transmission

Back 70

carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA)

Front 71

a set of rules that govern how computers exchange info over a network medium

Back 71

protocol

Front 72

The process of routing using the default mask based on
the class of the address rather than the actual network mask.

Back 72

classful routing

Front 73

public switched telephone network

Back 73

PTSN

Front 74

a computer on a network that request resources or services from some other computer

Back 74

client

Front 75

A standard that specifies the time frame in which data will be delivered after transmission, also helps control jitter, latency, and loss for long distance, high bandwidth connections

Back 75

QoS - Quality of Service

Front 76

An access method that combines spread-spectrum technology with analog to digital conversion. after the data is digitized,it is spread out over the entire bandwidth available.

Back 76

code division multiple access (CDMA)

Front 77

a device that regenerates electronic signals so that they can can travel a greater distance or accomadate additional computers on a network segment

Back 77

repeater

Front 78

A device that directly switches data between any input
and any output port, without sharing a bus with other data.

Back 78

crossbar switch:

Front 79

The files, applications, and hardware that are shared by the
server for the client to access.

Back 79

resources

Front 80

A type of switching method where the switch forwards
packets as soon as the 6-byte destination MAC address is received.

Back 80

cut-through switching:

Front 81

Topology consisting of computers connected in a circle, forming a
closed ring.

Back 81

ring

Front 82

Layer 2 of the OSI reference model. This packages raw bitsfrom the Physical layer into logical, structured data packets.

Back 82

Data Link layer

Front 83

A device that passes data on from one network to another.

Back 83

router

Front 84

A packet that consists of a header, data, and a trailer

Back 84

datagram:

Front 85

A computer whose job is to respond to requests for services or
resources from clients elsewhere on a network.

Back 85

server

Front 86

A proprietary network protocol designed by Digital Equipment
Corporation.

Back 86

DECnet:

Front 87

Layer 5 of the OSI reference model. It allows two applications
on different computers to establish dialog control, regulates which
side transmits, and determines the time and length of the transmission.

Back 87

Session Layer

Front 88

In a looped bridge or switch environment, the port that is
designated to forward traffic for a given segment. All other switches on that
segment will filter all client traffic.

Back 88

designated port:

Front 89

A topology in which the computers connect via a central connecting
point, usually a hub.

Back 89

star

Front 90

Refers to the trans missions of packets. Half-duplexing Xmits packets in two different directions at once.

Back 90

duplexing

Front 91

A network topology that combines the star and bus topologies.

Back 91

star bus

Front 92

The designated outbound port for a given frame.

Back 92

egress port:

Front 93

A network topology wired like a star that handles traffic like a ring.

Back 93

star ring

Front 94

The process of packaging upper-layer protocol information
and data into a frame.

Back 94

encapsulation:

Front 95

A special networking device that manages networked connections
between any pair of star-wired devices on a network.

Back 95

switch

Front 96

The process of reading information in a packet, such as the destination
address, and either forwarding or dropping the packet based on that
information.

Back 96

filtering:

Front 97

A device used to absorb signals as they reach the end of a bus,
thus freeing the network for new communications.

Back 97

terminator

Front 98

When a bridge receives a broadcast, multicast, or a packet with an
unknown destination,and copies the packet to all ports except the port of entry.

Back 98

flooding:

Front 99

A packet used in some ring topology networks to ensure fair communications
between all computers.

Back 99

token

Front 100

The process that a bridge uses when copying a frame from one
port to another using a known destination MAC address.

Back 100

forwarding:

Front 101

A method of passing data around a ring network.

Back 101

token passing

Front 102

A form of switching used instead of cut-through
to eliminate forwarding collision fragments. The packet is forwarded after
the 64th byte of data is received.

Back 102

fragment-free switching:

Front 103

The basic physical layout of a network.

Back 103

topology

Front 104

Uses different frequency bands for uplink and downlink.

Back 104

frequency division duplex (FDD)

Front 105

Provides multiple and simultaneous Xmission to a single Xponder

Back 105

frequency division multiple access (FDMA)

Front 106

a transmission method whereby data can be transmitted in both directions at the same time.

Back 106

full duplex

Front 107

Layer 4 of the OSI reference model. It helps provide a virtual
error-free, point-to-point connection so that communication between
two hosts will arrive uncorrupted and in the correct order.

Back 107

Transport Layer

Front 108

a transmission method whereby data can be transmitted in both directions but not at the same time.

Back 108

half duplex

Front 109

A type of LAN that uses high-frequency radio waves
rather than physical connections, such as cables or wires, to
communicate between devices.

Back 109

wireless network

Front 110

Any system configured with a TCP/IP address. This can include
routers, switches, hubs, personal computers, mainframes, Unix systems, or
any network-enabled device.

Back 110

host

Front 111

a multiport repeater that retransmits a signal to all ports

Back 111

hub

Front 112

a professional engineering org. that defines standards for networking devices, which include network interfaces, cabling and connectors

Back 112

IEEE - Institute of Engineering and Electronic Engineers

Front 113

The number of bits (determined by the subnet mask) of an IP
address that identify a client’s network address.

Back 113

network ID

Front 114

A set of three ranges of IP addresses defined by RFC
1918 that allows companies to use TCP/IP addressing and configuration
without having valid public addresses. The ranges are defined as 10.0.0.0
/8, 172.16.0.0 /20, and 192.168.0.0 /16.

Back 114

private IP addresses:

Front 115

The process of forwarding frames from one interface to another
based on a Layer 3 network address.

Back 115

routing

Front 116

The process of extending the subnet mask into the host portion of
a network address.

Back 116

stealing

Front 117

A numeric value configured in networking software that
gives an IP client the ability to determine the network ID.

Back 117

subnet mask

Front 118

The process of extending the subnet mask to create multiple
networks from one master network ID.

Back 118

subnetting

Front 119

The first available address of a given network address range.
The address is identified when all host bits are set to 0.

Back 119

wire address

Front 120

An ICMP echo function used to test network connectivity.

Back 120

PING:

Front 121

In Unix, an ICMP function used to track the path a packet
takes to get to its destination.Windows uses a similar utility called Tracert.

Back 121

Traceroute:

Front 122

A suite of protocols created by Xerox in
the late 1970s and early 1980s to be used in Ethernet networks.

Back 122

Xerox Network Systems (XNS):

Front 123

When a bridge or switch adds an address into its forwarding table.

Back 123

learning:

Front 124

A phase used on a bridge or switch port that allows it to send
BPDU traffic.

Back 124

listening

Front 125

The maximum frame size allowed to
travel through a network, using a given protocol and media type.

Back 125

maximum transmission unit (MTU):

Front 126

The process of replacing the source or
destination network address in a frame with a valid address.

Back 126

network address translation (NAT):

Front 127

A condition that exists when a network device is too
slow or has too little memory for the current traffic load. The result is
dropped packets.

Back 127

oversubscription

Front 128

The cost of a link between two bridges or switches. It is determined
by dividing 1,000 Mbps by the speed of the link.

Back 128

path cost:

Front 129

Software applications that can be configured to use a
proxy server.

Back 129

proxy aware:

Front 130

The bridge with the lowest bridge ID in the Spanning Tree
Algorithm. All traffic forwards along the best path toward the root bridge

Back 130

root bridge:

Front 131

The port with the lowest-cost path to the root bridge.

Back 131

root port:

Front 132

A field used in source route bridging that
maintains the correct path that frame used to traverse a series of Token
Ring networks. Token Ring bridges or switches populate this field.

Back 132

routing information field (RIF):

Front 133

A field used in source route bridging
that identifies the packet as a local frame if set to 0, or a source route frame
if set to 1.

Back 133

routing information indicator (RII):

Front 134

A type of bridging used on Token Ring networks
where the client sends out a special frame used to determine the best
path to a given destination.

Back 134

Source Route Bridging (SRB):

Front 135

Single transmission-path routing accomplished
using a switch to physically separate a set of matrix contacts or cross-points.
Space-division is closely related to the concept of the crossbar switch.

Back 135

space-division switching:

Front 136

An algorithm that prevents bridging and
switching loops.

Back 136

Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA):

Front 137

A standard type of bridging and switching process where the entire frame is received before a forwarding decision is made.

Back 137

store-and-forward switching:

Front 138

The combination of hardware and software that transfers
data coming into a network node to the appropriate output port on the
next node on the network. Switching fabric includes the switches in a node,
the hardware that they contain, and the software programs that control
switching paths.

Back 138

switching fabric:

Front 139

Digital multiplexing in which two or
more apparently simultaneous channels are derived from a given frequency
spectrum (i.e., bit stream) by interleaving pulses representing bits from different
channels.

Back 139

time-division multiplexing (TDM):

Front 140

Switching of TDM channels by shifting bits between time slots in a TDM frame.

Back 140

time-division switching:

Front 141

In time-division switching, the process of coordinating
time slots between the transmitting station and the receiving station.

Back 141

time-slot interchange (TSI):

Front 142

A combination of space-division and time-division switching. Time-space switching precedes each input trunk in a crossbar
with a TSI, and delays samples so that they arrive at the right time for the space-division switch’s schedule.

Back 142

time-space switching:

Front 143

A number, assigned to a frame, that is decremented to
prevent it from infinitely circulating through the network.

Back 143

time-to-live (TTL):

Front 144

A form of bridging that allows bridging between
Ethernet and Token Ring networks.

Back 144

translational bridging:

Front 145

A configuration on a switch that
groups ports into a single broadcast domain.

Back 145

virtual local area network (VLAN):