Computer

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PC has

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modular architecture
diff modules can be integrated make compter caters to needs of individual

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computer case

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contains essentials of computerprotectying computer circuits cooling and providing organized layout to components

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system board

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base of comp
where you plug in processor memory cache video card network card other cards also connect peripherals directly or indirectly

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chipset othere system board circuitry are

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smarts of system board
job to control flow info inside comp
control processor's access to memory and flow of data to and from peripheral devices

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chyipset critical because

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determines features comp can support
type of processors types of memory plugged in speed can run typed of system bus

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electrical channels various parts of comp

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communicate visible part of bus is set of slots used for plugging in different cards video sound card

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through system bus videio card gets

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info from processor and processor saves data on hard disk

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architecture of system bus has impact on performance

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of computer affects choice of video cards and other devices

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PSU power supply unit is

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a small box inside computer case receives external power supplied to computer

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main function of PSU

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traqnsform power into 4 DC voltages the comp can use +5 -5 +12 -12

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CPU central processing unit processor called

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brain sopisticated piece miniaturized electronics reads instructions commands from memory processes instructions sends output back to user

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RAM random access memory holds

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all active info while using
when computer turned on RAM empty each program or data file uses part of main memory when you close program memory it occupies is available for other programs

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system cache high-speed memory placed between

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processor and RAM
accessing data from cache faster than RAM
cache memory speeds up system speed sisgnificantly

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each time processor requests data first checks

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cache if data available in cache processor avoids accessing main mem works sooner

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computer's video card performs function of

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displaying what you see on monitor inside video card special kind of memory called video mem info stored represents what's seen on screen dots or pixels

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monitor is

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specialized high-resolution screen
manytimes per second video card sends contents of its video mem to monitor

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screen made up of matrix of

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red green and blue dots info from video card controls intessity and color of dots

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hard disk drive is

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long term mem retains operating system programs data files even when power to comp is off

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hard drives fastes form of

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long-term storage or secondary storage comp uses

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hard disks increased in capacity and speed hard discks perm installed they

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stay in one place in shell cannot beremoved like cd-roms
non-removable storage devices

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floppy disks smallest slowest form of long-term storage availabe provide simpleconvenient way to

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transfer info intstall new software back up small files
advantage universality all used 1.44MB floppy drive

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compact disk- read only memory CD-ROM storage device stores data CD-ROMs can read info but

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not write to them

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cd-roms popular medium for

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games storing multimedia info video music large graphics files

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connect external devices to comp to

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enhace comp capabitlites
two primary tpyes of connections are

serial interface
parallel interface

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serial connectionsends

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info one bit at time simple way to send info speeds slow used for mice and modems

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parallel connection faster than serial sends 8 bits in parallel disadvantage is

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signal carries over smaller distances used with printers removable storage drives

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devices in comp communicate by

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system resources are not physical devices but determin how computer organizes its accesss to memory areas and devices
resource conflicts might occur while assigning system resources to devices

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4 types of

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systemresources

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Interrupts IRQ

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device requests attention from processor pusing interrupt requests each device has didfferent IRQ number conflict if 2 devices use same IRQ

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Direct Memory Access DMA channel

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some devices have ability to read from and write to system memory directly, these devices needs its own DMA channel

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Input/Output Address I/O addresses devices exhange info with system putting data into specific mem addrresses the data is stored in

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certain mem address until processor can deal with it
when info transferred from machine to device such as modem hard drive or printer it uses I/O addresses Each device needs own memory area

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Memory Addresses similar to I/O addresses many devices use blocks of memory map hardware programs

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BIOS code into mem or use mem area to hold temporary data they are using

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System BIOS Basic Input/Output System computer program built into computer's hardware lowest-level program that

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runs on computer acts as intermediary between system hardware and operating system

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BIOS ensures

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operating system does not have to be rewritten for machines use diverse internal hardware DOS will load on comp if BIOS compatible

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BIOS allows you to set or modify parameters that control computer functions
you can use BIOS utility to

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configure your machine you can tell BIOS what sort of hard drives you have so it knows how to access these hard drives

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advances in tech comps smaller without

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missing functionality portable notebooks and PDAs persosnal digital assistants

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notebooks contain

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keyboard pointing device and lcd screen