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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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BIOS
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Basic Insput/Output System
Firmware |
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What's BIOS do?
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Provides info about hardware to CPU during start-up
POST |
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Firmware
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Software that's hard-coded into hardware
Can be modified Upgrade from motherboard vendor |
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POST
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Power-On Self-Test
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What does POST do?
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Initializes main hardware components
Tests system Instructs each piece of hardware to perform self-diagnostic check and report errors Selects hard disk to boot from Loads OS Displays summary on screen with BIOS version & date |
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POST steps (5)
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BIOS initiated & checked
CPU registers verified RAM size/integrity checked System devices detected initialized Highest priority boot device selected, MBR executed |
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MBR
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Master Boot Record
BIOS |
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POST summary screen gives the option to...
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enter CMOS setup utility
Verify RAM (time-consuming & unnecessary) |
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CMOS
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Complimentary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
Microchip used by BIOS |
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What does CMOS do?
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Stores & accesses on startup variable system settings such as:
date time CPU speed Bus settings |
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Bus
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a collection of circuits that connects & transmits data between resourses
Like a set of parallel wires |
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CMOS setup utility
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View statistics
View amount & type of RAM (automatically updated with new RAM) Change certain CMOS settings |
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Changeable CMOS settings
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RAM
Internal & external media Power usage System fans CPU |
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On most motherboards you can install drives on (2)...
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Primary channels
Secondary channels |
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Each motherboard channel can accept (2)...
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Master drive
Slave drive |
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For drives, you can configure in CMOS...
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Priority
Boot order |
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On startup, BIOS checks MBR...
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of each drive, in order of assigned priority
To obtain boot instructions for OS |
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Using CMOS, you can enable/disable...
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Specific drives
External devices |
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CPU receives instructions from...
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BIOS
Applications OS (all configurable) |
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CMOS maintains its contents...
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with a battery
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If CMOS battery fails or is removed...
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CMOS reverts to factory default settings
Boots with fail-safe defaults |
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Reset CMOS by...
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Removing battery
Removing jumper (depending on motherboard) |
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CMOS setup utility instructioins are displayed...
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during POST
(Delete or F12 to access) |
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Using CMOS setup utility you can configure (6)...
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Basic settings
Diagnostic & error handling Memory management A password prompt Boot options Power management |
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CMOS setup utility basic settings
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Type, size and enabling of drives
System time System date |
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CMOS setup utility diagnostic & error handling settings
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One or more beeps during POST indicate errors
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CMOS setup utility memory management settings
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View RAM settings (size, frequency, voltage)
(change not recommended) |
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CMOS setup utility password prompt settings
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Add a password prompt before OS starts
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CMOS setup utility boot options settings
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Set order which drives are checked for bootable OS
Disable specific drives or devices |
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CMOS setup utility power management options
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Powering up/down of devices
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More CMOS setup utility features (4)
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Advanced BIOS features
Advanced chipset features Integrated peripherals PnP/PCI configurations |
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PnP/PCI
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Plug n Play/Peripheral Component Interconnect
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PnP
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Plug n Play
Automatically configured Usually don't need to be modified in CMOS |
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Most CMOS setup utilities enable you to configure (6)...
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Security settings
Boot sequence Power settings Date & time Overclocking Virtualization options |
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CMOS setup utility security (4)
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Boot passwords
Drive lock protection TPM CMOS passwords |
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TPM
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Trusted Platform Modules
Indentifies specific hardware by serial number Configured in CMOS setup utility |
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Boot time password
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To start OS
Configured in CMOS setup utility |
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Drive lock protection
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Password protection specific to drive
Sometmies with encryption |
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CMOS password
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Protect CMOS setup utility
Separate from boot time password To prevent changes to CMOS |
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Boot sector
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On bootable hard disks
Reserved for bootup info Virus target In some CMOS setup utilities you can disable this |
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Create/use a bootable disk or installation disk to use when...
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the OS stops working
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ACPI
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Advance Configuration & Power Interface
OS |
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ACPI power profiles (4)
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S1 state
S2 state S3 state S4 state |
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ACPI power profile S1 state
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Computer on
No power to monitor & hard disks Returns quickly to active state |
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ACPI power profile S2 state
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Computer on
No power to monitor, hard disk, or CPU Returns quickly to active state |
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ACPI power profile S3 state
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Sleep/Suspended mode
Computer is off, except for RAM to keep contents active Returns quickly to active state |
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ACPI power profile S4 state
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Hibernation mode
Computer off RAM contents copied to hard disk RAM contents returned to RAM when powered back on Power button to return to active state |
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Before using ACPI power profile setting in an OS...
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you need to endable power management in the CMOS setup utility (to prevent conflicts)
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Fan behavior
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Option available in some CMOS setup utilities
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Overclocking
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Not recommended
By increasing the multiplier Increases power & heat Decreases stability Manually change CPU multiplier & voltage for various components "Performance" group in CMOS setup utility Change CPU voltage in CMOS setup utility |
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Clock speed
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Also called external speed
Speed at which electrical pulse is generated before being sent to the CPU MHz |
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Mulitiplier
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Number of CPU cycles for each electrical pulse from the clock chip
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Internal speed
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133 MHz clock speed (external speed)
X 23 times multiplier = 3.06 GHz (internal speed) |
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VM
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Virtual Machine
Simulation of a computer Functions like completely separate machine |
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VM examples
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On a server
VM 1 Linux for mail server VM 2 Windows for user accounts |
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VMs may need to be enabled...
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In BIOS
Using CMOS setup utility under "virtualization" or "config CPU" Cold boot required |
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Cold boot
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Turn off
Wait 30 sec Turn on |
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POST results are only as good as...
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The self-diagnostic firmware of the hardware tested
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Hardware problems reported to POST are indicated by...
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beeping
(useful if unable to view display) |
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POST card
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Plugs into mother board
Initiates POST Displays code on LCD on the card Used when BIOS POST doesn't work Must be removed after Requires restart |
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Potential problems addressed or monitored by BIOS & CMOS setup utiltiy (5)
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High CPU temp
Unauthorzied hardware changes Incorrect CPU voltage Incorrect clock multipliers Incorrect bus settings |
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If the CPU runs too hot...
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the motherboard will reduce power.
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Case sensor
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On motherboard
Controlled by CMOS setup utility Detects if cas has been opened Disabled by default |
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It's important to keep track of CMOS...
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changes in settings
Make a backup OR Write them down |
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Make changes to CMOS settings...
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one at a time AND
restart after each change |
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If you lose CMOS settings, you may find...
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System date & time is incorrect
Boot disk is unavailable |
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EEPROM
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Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
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BIOS memory is saved...
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on a ROM
Can't generally be edited |
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ROM
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Read Only Memory
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Flashing the BIOS
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Some BIOS ROM can be changed using high voltage Do with caution
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To use newer bus and RAM technologies, faster CPUs and graphics card, as they become available...
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you may just need a BIOS update.
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Consider flashing the BIOS for...
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bug fixes or to enhance performance
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Precautions for flashing the BIOS (3)
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1. Correct BIOS for your motherboad
2. Correct update for BIOS chip 3. Update process unlikely to be disrupted |
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Differences in BIOS flashing
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Boot from disk with BIOS update
Run flash program in OS Set a jumper to a particular position, then back afterwards |
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Local bus:
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in sync with the system clock
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Expansion bus:
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not in sync with the system clock
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An expansion slot that connects to the processor using multiple lanes
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PCIe
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An expansion slot that supports riser cards
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CNR
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The first expansion slot that ran in sync with the system clock
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PCI
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An expansion slot commonly used in servers
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PCI-X
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An expansion slot used in laptops
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Mini PCI
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This memory retains info only when supplied with electric current
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volatile memory
RAM |
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SIMM
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Single Inline Memory Module
30 or 72 pins 1 bank of 2 slots had to be filled Old |
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DIMM
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Dual Inline Memory Module
Successor to SIMM DDR2 DDR3 black slot, white clips |
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RIMM
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Rambus Inline Memory Module
Not common more heat 168/184/242 pins |
