Comps - Vb 2

Front 1

definition of resonance

Back 1

- the selective amplification and filtering of complex overtone structure by the cavities of the vocal tract after tone has been produced by vibration of vocal folds
- creates quality, timbre, richness, fullness and loudness in voice

Front 2

primary resonators

Back 2

- supraglottals: pharynx and oral/nasal cavities
- chest and trachea may play smaller role

Front 3

resonance structures in pharynx

Back 3

- glottis, which allows passage of airflow and sound waves in ventricular space
- true and ventricular folds
- epiglottis, which may serve as sounding-board resonator due to concavity
- hypopharynx (cavity above esophagus, comprises of laryngeal opening and pharyngeal constrictors)
- oropharynx (between epiglottis up to velum and hard palate): middle and superior pharyngeal constrictors form lateral and posterior wall

Front 4

resonance structures in oral cavity

Back 4

- mandible, which affects shape and size of cavity
- tongue, most mobile articulator which provides constant change to floor
- hard and soft palate, which form the roof
- velum serves as sounding-board structure
- lips, teeth and cheeks play front and lateral shaping roles

Front 5

role of tongue muscles in resonance

Back 5

- extrinsic muscles can elevate/lower and extend tongue forward/backward
- intrinsic muscles control tongue shape (narrowing, flattening, lengthing and shortening tongue body) and elevate/lower tongue tip

Front 6

resonance structures in nasal cavity

Back 6

- Passavant's pad: site of velopharyngeal closure for separation of oral and nasal cavitites
- posterior pharyngeal wall, which forms superior wall of nasopharynx

Front 7

mechanism of resonance

Back 7

- larynx: located at C5, creates resonating chamber to filter and amplify acoustic signal
- parts of vocal tract compatible with periodic vibration can amplify F0 and harmonics
- vocal tract constantly changed by movement of structures

Front 8

F0 and harmonics

Back 8

- F0: cycles of vocal fold vibration per second
- harmonics: frequency is whole number multiple of F0

Front 9

movement of structures in vocal tract

Back 9

- each portion influences total flow of air and sound wave through the total tract
- can be severe, from movement of tongue, mandible or velum
- can have little to no effect on F0 or sound source
- degree of tension of pharnygeal constrictors can filter acoustics

Front 10

types of resonance disorders

Back 10

- hypernasality
- hyponasality
- assimilative nasality

Front 11

hypernasality

Back 11

- excessive resonance in nasal cavity
- caused by lack of VP closure
- sign of neurological disease or congenital disorder (e.g. cleft palate/submucous cleft)

Front 12

treatment of hypernasality

Back 12

- voice therapy contraindicated, may not only fail, but negatively impact patient's self-image
- velopharyngeal flap surgery
- dental treatment: obdurator with bulb used to fill spaces caused by cleft palate or palatal-lift used to assist in VP port closure
- voice therapy techniques

Front 13

voice therapy techniques for hypernasality

Back 13

- feedback: nasometer, listening tube, see-scape, mirror to see/hear/feel resonance
- use lower, posterior tongue position
- change vocal loudness or lower pitch

Front 14

hyponasality

Back 14

- reduced resonance for /m/, /n/ and /ng/
- caused by obstructions (e.g. nasal polyps, allergies, enlarged tonsils/adenoids)
- medical therapy precedes voice therapy
- cases are rarely purely functional

Front 15

voice therapy for hyponasality

Back 15

- auditory feedback: contrasting nasal and oral production with facilitator
- feedback: emphasis on feeling of resonance, with exaggerated humming
- nasal/glide stimulation: effective method involves producing words and phrases containing nasals and glides to promote best voice
- counseling: description of resonance requirements

Front 16

assimilative nasality

Back 16

- vowels and voiced consonants appear nasal when adjecent to nasal consonants
- VP port open too soon or remains open too long creating excess nasality
- most cases are functional, but some may be due to neurological disorder (e.g. bulbar palsy, MS, spastic dysarthria)
- treatment based on auditory feedback

Front 17

treatment for assimilative nasality

Back 17

- nasometer, listening tube, see-scape
- teach client to discriminate between nasalized and oral vowels
- important to demonstrate contrasts for patient

Front 18

resonance evaluation

Back 18

- observation of client in and out of clinic to see how patient perceives own voice
- oral-peripheral examination to observe for clefts or fistula

Front 19

tools for resonance evaluation

Back 19

- Nasometer: provides nasalance scores
- see-scape: disc in tube that floats with nasal emissions
- nasal flutter: rapidly pinching and releasing nares during sustained vowels
- fogging mirror test: non-nasal phrase
- listening tube/"octopus"

Front 20

function of respiration

Back 20

- functions like bellows:
- handles move apart, bellows becomes larger, air inside less dense than air outside
- outside air rushes in due to lower pressure of less dense air inside and greater pressure of more dense outside air

Front 21

muscles of respiration

Back 21

- rib-cage: pectoralis, intercostals, subcostals, sternocleidomastoid
- diaphragm
- abdominal wall: obliques, transverse adbominus, rectus abdominus

Front 22

passive forces of respiration

Back 22

- natural recoil of muscle, cartilages, ligaments and lung tissue
- surface tension of film lining alveoli
- pull of gravity

Front 23

active forces of respiration

Back 23

- 20+ muscles within chest
- patterns of movement
- amount of air within lungs

Front 24

voice pattern during respiration

Back 24

voice lowers near end of breath due to fewer cycles per second

Front 25

myoelastic aerodynamic theory

Back 25

- developed by van den Berg
- air comes up through trachea and meets barrier formed by adducted VFs
- sub-glottal air pressure accumulates until pressure exceeds tension of VFs
- pressure causes VFs to abduct completely, increasing velocity of airflow and decreasing the pressure (Bernoulli principle)
- decreased pressure + elasticity of VFs cause adduction from bottom up

Front 26

vocal registers

Back 26

- modal: conversational speech (150-500 women, 80-450 men)
- glottal fry (35 to 90 Hz)
- falsetto (300 to 600 Hz)

Front 27

change pitch

Back 27

cricothyroid contracts and changes frequency of VF vibrations

Front 28

change loudness

Back 28

- change in sub-glottal pressure
- compression of VFs
- duration/speed/degree of VF closure

Front 29

change quality

Back 29

change in glottal source and resonant characteristics

Front 30

articulation

Back 30

- movement of speech mechanism to produce sounds of speech
- learning of articulatory skills is developmental process
- articulators: tongue, velum, lips, hard palate, mandible, teeth, cheeks