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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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self-concept
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beliefs about who we are
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self schemas
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mental representations about ourselves (describe ourselves, predict our behavior, etc)
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unified self schema
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see their traits (attributes) as very stable across situations
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differentiated self-schema
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see attributes changing depending on the circumstances
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three components of self-schemas
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actual self - as realistic a picture as possible
ideal self - self with no limits ought self - morally what you should be doing |
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Self-esteem
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evaluations we make about ourselves; has an affective component
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looking glass self
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other people can help us get a sense of ourselves; others serve/fx as a mirror to see ourselves; we come to know ourselves by what others think of us
- Cooley, Mead |
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self perception
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when internal cues are hard to interpret, we turn to our behavior for insight
- Bem |
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social comparison
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we compare ourselves to others in a number of situations; helps us gage how we are performing
- Festinger |
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attributional biases (tendency)
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we make attributions and other judgements or decisions using short cuts whenever possible
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availability heuristic
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judgements/decisions based on how readily an example comes to mind
e.i., likelihood of an event, trustworthiness of a person |
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false-consensus effect
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when we overestimate the extent to which others share our opinions
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base-rate fallacy
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being insensitive to statistical information and more influenced by dramatic examples
i.e., prevalence rates of a dx ignored |
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fundamental attribution error
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tendency to make internal attributions about others particularly about failure
- Ross |
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self serving bias
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tendency to attribute our success to internal attribution but to attribute our failures to external attributions
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prototype model of stereotypes
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abstract individual who we view as the most typical member, can include some personal experience, tends to be a compilation of people
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exemplar model of stereotypes
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based more on our interaction with an actual person, a real individual is represented in our mind
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associative network model of stereotypes
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information is stored in individual units or nodes; nodes are interconnected;
activation of one activates others |
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information integration theory
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impressions are based on dispositions of the perceiver and a weighted average of the target’s traits
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implicit personality theory
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network of assumptions people make about others (about the relationship among traits and behaviors)
knowing that the person has one trait leads us to assume that they have other traits and participate in particular behaviors |
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conformity
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the tendency to change our thoughts and behaviors to be consistent with the group norms
- classic studies by Sherif and Asch |
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informational influence
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conform because you think the information being presented is correct - you believe others in their judgements of the information
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normative influence
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when you fear social consequences of appearing deviant
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private conformity
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change of beliefs that occur when you accept the position held by others
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public conformity
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superficial or overt change in behavior without the accompanied change of opinion
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compliance
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involves a direct request to engage in a particular act
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foot in the door
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get someone to comply with a small request, then ask them to comply with a larger request
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low-balling
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influencer secures agreement with a small request but then reveals hidden costs
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door in the face
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influencer presents a large request that is almost unreasonable (expected to be rejected) but then comes back with a seemingly small, reasonable request (real request)
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that’s not all
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the influencer begins with a large (inflated) request and then reveals so bonuses and discounts
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Obedience
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following the commands of another individual, sometimes going against your own better judgement
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Milgram (1963)
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65% of the subjects delivered the maximum voltage list (450 volts)
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Meeus and Raaijmakers (1995)
administrative obedience |
confederate was taking a test, with each wrong answer, the subject was to give verbally disparaging remarks to induce stress; 95% of the group showed complete obedience despite describing that it was ‘unfair’ and that they ‘did not like doing it’
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bystander effect
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the reluctance, hesitancy to come to the aid of someone who appears to be in distress
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implicit bystander effect (Garcia et al., 2002)
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just imagining being in that group may be enough to spark the bystander effect
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three components of a group
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1. roles
2. norms 3. cohesiveness |
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group polarization
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when the group’s point of view or dominant point of view becomes more radical over time
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group think
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endency for members of a group to become so that they start of ignore and suppress dissenting views
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Janis (1982)
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antecedents (high cohesiveness, stressful situations, etc.) lead to group think; this leads to various symptoms (e.g., close mindedness, pressure for conformity/uniformity, etc.); this leads to various consequences (defective/poor decision making, mistreatment of group members, etc.)
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process loss
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reduction or decrease in performance or effectiveness of the group as a result of group processes
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escalation effect
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commitments to failing course of action are intensified to justify the investments already made
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central route of persuasion
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focus on the message itself, on the content, its meaning to you, etc
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peripheral route
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more influenced or swayed by factors such as the presenter his/herself (i.e., are they a celebrity?), and other factors that do not have to do with the message itself
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cognitive dissonance
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the tension produced by holding discrepant beliefs, attitudes, cognition; motivated to reduce that tension
attitude discrepant behaviors bring about this tension - Festinger |
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Evans et al (2000) distinction between tolerance for crowding (psychological distress) and personal space preferences
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Key findings: increases in density were correlated with increases in perceived crowding of White and African Americans compared to Mexican Americans and Vietnamese Americans BUT All 4 groups seemed to be affected terms of psychological stress as density increased
there seem to be personal preferences for personal space, but density seems to affect all psychologically |
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Downey & VanWilligen (2005) Pollution
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key finding - residential proximity to industrial activity is an important factor:
associations with depression, neighborhood disorder, and powerlessness individuals living in areas with high levels of waste (tracks) - higher depressive symptoms, higher levels of disorder, and lower levels of control |
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Evans et al (1998) study on noise
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Key findings - the airport group showed a rise in the blood pressure and up to 18 months after the opening the airport, they gave lower quality of life ratings
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Wallenius (2004) - noise stress & personal project stress and its effects on health
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Key findings: noise stress, personal project stress, & activity disturbance variables -> somatic symptoms; higher levels of personal project stress, there is a stronger relationship between noise stress variables and somatic symptoms/general health
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race
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biological characteristics and features, key physical differences
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ethnicity
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background
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emic
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perspective of that particular group; unique to that group
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etic
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universal perspective - broad human perspective
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collectivism
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many minority groups are often characterized as being this way
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individualism
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Americans are often described this way
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Mansfield, Addis, & Courtney, (2005) barriers to men seeking help scale
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need for control, self reliance
minimizing problems and resignation, etc. privacy distrust of caregivers |
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Magoveceiv & Addis (2008) masculine depression scale
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men may not show depression in the same way as women;
externalizing symptoms the more traditionally masculine a man is, the more likely he is to show externalizing symptoms |
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hostile sexism
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conflictual or adversarial relationship (e.g., sexual harassment)
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benevolent sexism
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women need to be taken care of, protected; the perpetrator doesn’t view his/her behavior as malicious or having ill intent; still has a negative effect
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Cross - Nigrescence
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Cross model: Starts less healthy and moves toward healthy
pre-encounter stage - African American’s have a White frame of reference individuals see White as the ideal; may have anti-African American ideals encounter stage - a negative encounter may change perceptions and thoughts immersion-emersion - begin delving into readings and people of your own group - may have negative or anti-White attitude (immerse yourself in culture of your group); emerge with a new appreciation of your own culture internalization - ideas are solidified; can enjoy both ingroup and outgroup; may be a focus on social justice and trying to make justice for all |
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Atkinson, Morten & Sue
Racial/Cultural Identity development |
Conformity - White frame of reference
Dissonance & Appreciating - creates appreciation of the ingroup Resistance & Immersion - negative experiences lead to interest Introspection - may have some negative attitudes towards White Integrative Awareness - understand all groups, may begin to work to social change for all |
