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6 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Describe the concept of the arche. How does this concept change from Thales to Anaximines to Anaximander?
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arche = first principle or source that underlies everything and allows rational understanding of composition, change and persistence of nature
All metaphysical monists material monists Thales (water) Argument 1. pervasiveness of water 2. mutability of water Anaximander (Aperion) Crit: water is too definite (how does fire come from water?) Argument 1. arche is indefinite in order to account for all things (abstracted and maintains order) 2. from moving mass to elements composed of opposites - hot/cold, wet/dry Aniximines (aer) Crit: aperion is too indefinite Arguments 1. air more pervasive 2. central to all nature, fire and water 3. air supports itself / does not fall 4. air sustains life / soul Account 1. Air is always in motion = change 2. Becomes anything through condensation (->earth) or rarefaction (->fire). 3. Opposites deemphasized in place of perceptions |
1. Water
2. Boundless 3. Aer |
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Plato on Moral Education
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Purpose - right ordering of oneself/soul
Cardinal Virtues 1. Wisdom - required by rational 2. Courage - required by thymos to obey rational and preserve order 3. Temperance - "willingness to be ruled"; internal self-control; thymos and appetitive 4. Justice - do own thing and don't meddle; external self-constraint Emotional Education 1. Restrict performative poetry 2. Tell rights stories and teach harmonious music 3. Gymnastics for temperance, courage, competition and honor Wisdom 1. Begins with eros (desire for good/beautiful) 2. learns to love virtue (understanding comes later) 3. Guardians taught: number, geometry, astrology, harmony |
Purpose of Education
Cardinal Virtues Emotional Education Wisdom |
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Heraclitus
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Seeks understanding - everything constitutes a unity
Logos 1. Source of wisdom and unity 2. Rational account of the world not obvious to senses 3. Unites divine and human souls Flux 1. all things are in flux 2. oppositions (change) necessary for unity (sameness) Fire - arche 1. best captures flux 2. compositional principle of identity: if something composed of different stuff at different times, not the same. 3. Can't step in the same river twice. 4. Justice only comes from strife (yin / yang type) |
Seeks understanding
Logos Flux Fire |
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Virtue According to Aristotle
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A stable disposition concerned with choice, lying in the mean, the mean relative to us, determined by a rational principle, the principle by which the man of practical reason would determine it. The mean is in between an excess and a deficiency. Is accompanied by the right emotions.
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Hexis
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The Meno
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Knowability Paradox
1) Without a knowledge (general) of F, one cannot investigate F. 2) With a knowledge (particular) of F, one has no need to investigate F. 3) Therefore, gaining knowledge (particular) about F through investigation is impossible. Equivocation Slave Boy |
Knowability Paradox
Solution - Recollection Slave Boy illustrates Equivocation ignorance - aporia - true opinion Rhetorical Point - Torpedo Fish Midwifery Doubts about recollection |
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Aristotle's Df. of Virtue
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‘Virtue is a state of character, concerned with choice, lying in a mean, (i.e. the mean relative to us,) this being determined by a rational principle, and by that principle by which the man of practical wisdom would determine it. Now it is a mean between two vices, that which depends on excess and that which depends on defect.” 1106b36
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hexis...
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