Comps

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The brain usually reaches its adult weight by the time of person is

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16 years old

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The most primitive part of the brain is the

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Hindbrain

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Males born with an extra x chromosome have

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Klinefelter's syndrome

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The blank is responsible for regulating arousal and attention

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Reticular activating system

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Sickle cell anemia is

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An autosomal disorder

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Unconditioned stimulus in Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning

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Meat powder, food

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Unconditioned response in Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning

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Salivation

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Conditioned stimulus in Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning

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Something that ordinarily would not elicit salivation like a tone buzzer or Bell

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Conditioned response in Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning

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Salivation caused when the food was presented or not with the tone

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Sometimes called the father of American behaviorism. psychology should only deal with what can be observed and accurately measured. If you can't observe it, it doesn't exist.

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John b Watson early 20th century

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responsible for the little Albert experiment in which he attempted to condition a phobia into an 11 month old infant, which he accomplished, and then attempted to decondition the phobia, which he did not accomplish. This was with the white rat and the loud noise

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John b Watson

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Person who created treatment of phobias using systematic desensitization which involves developing a fear hierarchy and progressively introducing each step on the hierarchy while the client obtains a simultaneous state of relaxation. That's the fear of systematically deconditioned using reciprocal inhibition. The client cannot be fearful and relax at the same time

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Joseph wolpe

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Two people involved in operant conditioning

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Edward l Thorndike and BF Skinner

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Three people involved in classical conditioning

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Ivan Pavlov, John b Watson, and Joseph wolpe

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What is thorndike's law of effect?

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basically states that when a response accompanying some stimulus is followed by a satisfying reward, a connection is made and the response is likely to be repeated. The opposite is also true colon if a satisfying reward does not follow a response, or if the consequence is unpleasant, the strength of the connection is diminished

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What are the three concepts and learning principles of BF Skinner's operant conditioning?

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Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment

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What is positive reinforcement?

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Occurs when the addition of stimulus example reward immediately following the response increases the likelihood that the behavior will reoccur

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What is a negative reinforcement?

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Occurs when the removal of a stimulus like a loud noise increases the likelihood that a behavior will reoccur

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What is punishment in BF Skinner's operant conditioning?

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the addition or removal of a stimulus that decreases the frequency of a given behavior it is also commonly referred to as an aversive behavioral technique. Examples are spanking, extra chores, removing allowance or privileges

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Who developed the social learning theory?

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Albert bandura

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theory based on the principle that people learn through observation, imitation, and modeling. An individual can observe a model perform some behavior then imitate that behavior without receiving any tangible reinforcement, thereby demonstrating new learning even in the absence of a contingency

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Bandura's social learning theory

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Then there is four components to effective modeling

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Attention retention reproduction and motivation

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What is self-efficacy?

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a term developed by bandura, refers to an individual's confidence in his or her ability to perform a given behavior or accomplish a given task

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And Ivan Pavlov's famous experiments with dogs, the conditioned stimulus was

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The Bell, buzzer, or tone

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in classical conditioning, when people present a conditioned stimulus at the same time as the unconditioned stimulus, they are using

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Simultaneous conditioning

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What is the most successful form of conditioning?

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Delayed conditioning

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John b Watson is most well known for his experiments involving

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A rat

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Who is best known for the theory of operant conditioning?

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BF Skinner

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Who are the two main theories regarding cognitive development?

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Jean Piaget and Lev vygotsky

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What does assimilation mean in John Piaget's cognitive developmental theory?

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assimilation occurs when an individual perceives and interprets new information in terms of a previously existing content, that is, adding a thought to an existing framework. For example, an individual who has no awareness that different breeds of dogs have different names will refer to every dog encountered as a dog, that is, all dogs are called dogs

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What does the term accommodation mean regarding Jean Piaget's cognitive developmental

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accommodation occurs when an individual perceives and interprets new information in a way that causes a restructuring or change in mental organization so that new information or categories of information can be added to the existing cognitive framework, that is, a change in perspective. For example an individual who becomes aware that dogs can be categorized according to different breeds that have different names will pay attention to and discern distinguishing features of each dog encountered, using this newly recognized information to make more refined distinctions. Thus, dogs are called dogs but are more specifically referred to as golden retrievers, great Danes, beagles, poodles, and so on.

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What is a schema in Jean Piaget's cognitive developmental theory?

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a schema is a mental structure that processes or integrates experiences information or perceptions. Schemas sometimes change as new information is taken in a new insights are derived.

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What are the four piaget stages of cognitive development?

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Sensorimotor stage birth to 2 years, pre-operational stage 2 to 7 years, concrete operational stage 7 to 11 years, and formal operational stage 11 plus years.

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In vygotsky's cognitive developmental theory, what is private speech?

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at about seven years of age, children develop private speech also known as in her speech, internalized thoughts that help guide personal behavior and allow individuals to engage in higher mental processes.

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What is the zone of proximal development?

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in vygotsky's cognitive developmental theory, the zone of proximal development refers to the gap between what children are able to learn on their own and what they are potentially able to learn with help.

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What is scaffolding?

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in vygotsky's cognitive developmental theory, scaffolding refers to the supports that must be put in place to help children learn in order to reach their potential. After children have reach their potential and are capable of performing the task independently and automatically, the scaffolding support can be removed.

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What are the three categories of memory and cognition?

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Sensory memory or Trace memory. Short-term memory. And long-term memory.

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What is sensory memory or Trace memory?

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sensory memory refers to all the environmental stimuli to which one is exposed at any given moment in time example what the teacher is saying, distracting noises made by other students, interesting clothing other students are wearing, the hum of equipment and the room, rain on the roof, shivers do too uncomfortable room temperature. This information is ordinarily retained for only a few

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What is short-term memory?

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short-term memory is a temporary information storage system that allows information to be retained for seconds to minutes, if the information is focused on and received properly. Thus, if when we're focused on the information conveyed by the teacher, one might be able to retain it long enough to make sense of it and write it down to format meaningful to the listener. If not, one might only remember shivering or what the person across the room was wearing. What one focuses on at any given time has a chance of making it into short-term storage. The normal limit of short-term recall is this beautiful, but it is probably seven plus or minus two bits of information.

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What does encode mean?

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the transfer from short-term to long-term memory is more efficient if the individual can encode, or compact the information in a meaningful way so that it can be stored and retrieved efficiently.

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Echoic storage

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Auditory information

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Iconic storage

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Visual information

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Method of loci

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a guided visual imagery procedure in which an individual imagined object or concepts to be remembered in a familiar environment and in a given sequence. When the information is needed, the individual visually returned to the image and recalls information

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Eidetic memory

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Sometimes referred to as photographic memory

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Yerkes-dodson law

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memory and performance are optimized when an individual obtains a moderate state of arousal, as low and high states of arousal tend to suppress performance

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Cognitive dissonance

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term coined by Leon festinger used to explain the conflict or discomfort that an individual experiences when a discrepancy is noticed between what he or she already knows and your information being received. Ordinarily a person either alter than existing notion and accommodates the new information or reject the new information in favor of a previously held belief. Usually, the letter holds true

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Confirmatory bias

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refers to a person's likelihood of screening for information that confirms previously held beliefs. Example, hearing what one wants to hear

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Attribution theory

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Proposed by Fritz heider is used to explain why things happen. Thus people assign attributes or reasons to outcomes and units. Three dimensions are stability, locus, and control

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Imaginary audience

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constructs proposed by David elkind to describe the adolescent egocentrism belief that everyone is watching and critically judging him or her. As an example, even though a teenager is completely alone in the hallway when he trips and falls, he believes that others have seen this and negatively evaluated him. According to Elkins, adolescence is a time for reemergence of substantial egocentrism

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Personal fable

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Believing that an adolescent can engage in reckless, dangerous acts because bad things only happen to other people

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What are the two types of intelligences?

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Crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence

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Crystallized intelligence

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Proposed by Raymond b cattell, includes verbal and mathematical capabilities and experiences that are learned.

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Fluid intelligence

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Proposed by Raymond b cattell, includes nonverbal problem solving and pattern recognition

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g

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What spearman referred to as general intelligence

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Divergent thinking

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Thinking of many possibilities

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Convergent thinking

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Picking the best solution and focusing on the final product

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according to Piaget, when people use their existing cognitive framework to understand new information, they are involved in the process of adaption known as

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Assimilation

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Which stage do children learn object permanence in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

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Sensorimotor stage

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Psycholinguistics

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Study of language development

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Speech

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Physical act of forming and sequencing sounds of oral language

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Language

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Refers to the system of grammatical rules and semantics that allows similar individuals to be understood by each other

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Semantics

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The study of word meanings

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Syntax

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Proper use of grammar

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Pragmatics

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How language is used in the social context. Example is taking turns, pointing, incorporating facial and hand gestures

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Phonology

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What a language sounds like. A phoneme is a language most basic sound element. English, for example, has 40 basic sounds

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Morphology

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Governs the rules of word formation. A morpheme is the smallest, meaningful language unit. Example has one morpheme, boys has two: boy and s

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Dialect

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Variation in language. Dialects vary by occupation age geographical region and social class

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What three areas of the brain are important in the context of language development?

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Broca's area, Wernicke's area, arcuate fasciculus

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Broca's area

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Related to speech production. Damage to Broca's area often results in motor aphasia or causes speech to be slowed and laboured

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Wernicke's area

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related to speech comprehension. Damage to Wernicke's area can result in sensory aphasia or difficulty understanding language through sense organs

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Arcuate fasciculus

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Bundle of nerve fibers that connects Broca's area and Wernicke's area

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The three communication disorders discuss and the DSM-5 are

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Language disorder, speech disorder, and social communication disorder

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Language disorder

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diagnosed if a person experiences difficulty in the acquisition or use of spoken or written language skills that are long-term and enduring. documentation is provided through multiple sources including standardized tests and naturalistic observations. Symptoms include difficulty producing more understanding developmentally appropriate sentences and limited vocabulary.

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Speech disorder

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Most commonly diagnosed of the communication disorders, involves difficulties in producing developmentally expected speech sounds. Sound substitutions, developmental Miss articulations

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Social communication disorder

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pragmatic language impairment in which an individual displays difficulties understanding and using verbal and nonverbal social cues, thereby affecting social relationships and comprehension

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Aphasia

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Difficulty in naming objects

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Anomia

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Word-finding difficulties

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Sigmund Freud

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personality develops through interaction of personal needs or drives, and environment, and past experiences play an essential part and present behaviors

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Libido

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According to Freud, represents a basic, instinctive oil life force

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Freud's tripartite in structure of personality

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Id, ego, and super-ego

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Id

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Present at birth, contain the individuals basic instincts like sex, aggression, survival, pleasure and stinks and operates on the pleasure principle. This means that the ID strives to reduce tension by seeking immediate gratification of needs, usually through unrealistic or irrational means

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Ego

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Freud believed emerged during the first year of Life, operates on the reality principle. Purpose of the ego is to make a socially acceptable, reality-based resolution to the urges of the ID and demands of the super-ego. Failure to resolve issues may lead to use of defense mechanisms to lower anxiety

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SUPEReeeGO

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operates on the morality principle, emerges at about 5 years of age and displays the moral values and standards internalized through social interaction and from societal rules and mores. The superego counterbalances the ID by substituting morals based responses for the id's impulsive urges

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Repression

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Pushing undesirable thoughts and feelings from consciousness

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Regression

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Returning to an earlier, more comfortable childlike. In life

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Displacement

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Redirecting feelings onto a less threatening person or object

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Projection

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Placing personal feelings, thoughts or motives on someone else

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Compensation

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Substituting a successful experience for one that produced failure

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Stages of psychosexual theory

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Oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage

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Freud's oral stage

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Birth to about 1 year old. Primary source of pleasure is through the mouth

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Freud's anal stage

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Ages 1 to 3 years. Primary source of gratification in the anus and buttocks area. Retention and expulsion of feces and urine. Toileting will influence future personality development

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Freud's phallic stage

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Ages 3 to 5 years. Primary source of gratification is a genitals. Masturbation and fondling. Oedipus complex or the desire by male child to eliminate the father to take the central position in the mother's life. Electra complex or the desire by a female child to eliminate the mother to take the central position in the father's life. Resolved through identification with same-sex parent. Superego develops.

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Freud's latency stage

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Ages 6 to 11 years old, sexual desires become dormant, focus on mastery of social skills, personal awareness, eagle refinements, learn to relieve anxiety through defense mechanisms

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Freud's genital stage

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Adolescence, puberty increases sexual impulses, and Justin sex, reemergence of Oedipus and electra complex possible

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Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

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Focuses on an individual's learn social interactions within the environment as a key influence on ego development. Believes that personality continues to develop throughout one's life and that developmental problems are reversible. 8 stages

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Eric Erikson's 8 stages

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Basic trust versus mistrust. Birth to one or two years old

Autonomy vs shame and doubt. Ages one or two to three years. Toddlers deciding for themselves which is autonomy, or shame and doubt meaning forcing the child to comply and out being ability to operate on social environment.

Initiative versus guilt. Ages 3 to 5 years. Ambition and responsibilities. Parents shouldn't be too controlling or guilt and inhibition. Recognize and respect rights of others.

Industry versus inferiority. Ages 6 to 11 years old. Productivity and work and play emphasized. Strive for competence. Master social and academic tasks while learning to cooperate.

Identity versus role confusion. Adolescence. Uniqueness, personal identity, and future direction. Peer group interactions important

Intimacy vs isolation. Young adults. Bonds of love and friendship rather than isolation and self-absorption.

Generativity versus stagnation. Middle adulthood consider family relations partners intimate friendships greatest importance enhance future generations through childbearing. Work productivity. Accomplishments.

integrity versus despair. Old age. Come to terms with own mortality and limitations. Reflect on life with pride achievements at the section integrity and to face death with dignity. For regret and despair. Humankind's now social focus.

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Humanistic theory

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Abraham Maslow

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Humanistic theory

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holistic meaning the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. View humans as intrinsically good. Human is a spouse that people make choices about themselves based on perceptions and perceived circumstances.

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Abraham Maslow hierarchy of needs

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demonstrate that humans have an innate need for self-actualization, which can only be attained when lower-order needs are met. The needs from lower order once to higher order are number one physiological like food water rest

Number to. Safety like shelter warmth physical security emotional

Number 3. Belongingness. Loving relationships, sense of belonging

Number four. Esteem. Self-respect, self-confidence, feelings of success.

number 5. Self-actualization. Sense of purpose. Usually not met until middle adulthood over 60 years old.

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Konrad Lorenz

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Imprinting. His concept of critical. Or sensitive.

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John bowlby

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described infants as being born with an innate potential for attachment. Infants can form a natural bond with a caregiver, enabling them to explore the environment without fear of abandonment. Failure to attach to a caregiver early in life is believed to affect trust and intimacy and later development. Three stages are protest, despair, detachment.

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Mary ainsworth

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4 patterns of attachment.

Securely attached. Normal and secure

Avoidantly attached. Withdrawn behaviors

And vividly attached. Clinging behaviors

Disorganized attachment. Show little emotion, mostly confused

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Harry Harlow

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classic experiment with infant rhesus monkeys placed into cages with surrogate mothers made of wire, one with a bottle to provide food for oral gratification and sustenance, and another with a terry cloth covering for comfort and works. Infant monkeys would move to wire monkey for food but for Fred contact comfort with the terry cloth monkey, spending vast majority of time with and running to the terry cloth monkey wooden frightened

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Stranger anxiety

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Hookers around six months of age when infants become fearful in the presence of strangers or non caretakers. Probably do to enhance visual acuity, onset of object permanence, increasing cognitive awareness

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Separation anxiety

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usually occurs in infants between first and second birthdays, involves extreme distress when separation from primary caregiver occurs. Usually anxiety is short-lived

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Sexual identity

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Refers to biological features as determined by chromosomal information. In other words it's genetically determined

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Gender identity

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refers to psychosocial awareness of one's maleness or femaleness and this contains an environmental or cultural component. Usually occurs by about age 3 when children suffer as a boy or girl, and children even younger than 2 years of age often show preferences for gender-specific toys

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Prosocial behavior

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involves sensitivity to the needs of others and although it occurs in early childhood is not consistently displayed until later childhood.

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Elisabeth Kubler-Ross

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Shock and denial, anger, bargaining and guilt, hopelessness, acceptance

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Thanatology

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Study of grief and or death

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Erickson would consider a normal four year old child to be in the blank stage of personality development

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Initiative versus guilt

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According to Maslow, before people can meet their needs for esteem, they must meet their need for

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Safety, belongingness, survival or physiological needs, or all of the above.

All of the above

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Lawrence kohlberg moral development

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Three levels with two stages each.

Preconventional, conventional, and postconventional levels

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ABC - x model of family crisis and stress

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A. Provoking stressors / event

B. Family resources

C. meaning attached to the stressor / events and

D. The crisis which is an acute state of family does equilibrium / immobilization

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Trans crisis

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occurs when the traumatic event of an initial crisis is not fully dealt with and become submerged into a client's unconscious. Subsequent similar events then triggered those subconscious feelings

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Helpful acronym to remind counselors of the major areas covered during a suicide risk assessment

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Slap. Specific details, lethality of plan, availability of method, and proximity to obtaining help