Compounds, Chemicals, Cells

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Relating to the association of homologous chromosomes with chiasma formation that is characteristic of the 1st meiotic prophase and is held to be the mechanism for genetic crossing-over

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Synaptic

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Molecules including free radicals and other oxygen species

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Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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An energy storage molecule

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AMP (Adenosine Monophosphate)

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Allow the conversion of nutritive material into complex living matter in the constructive metabolism.

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Anabolic Compounds

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An organic molecule used in chelation therapy.

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EDTA (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid)

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Synthesis of ATP through various reactions whereby energy for the cell is obtained.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

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Compound that donates electrons to other compounds.

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Oxidant

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Complex compound formed from nitrogen and found in all animal and vegetable tissues. Essential in the body, ___ is used for growth and repair. __ from animal sources contain the essential amino acids. ___ are changed to amino acids in the body.

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Protein

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A rudimentary virus particle with a central nucleoid surrounded by a protein sheath.

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Virion

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Free radicals that are by-products formed in our bodies when molecules of fat react with oxygen.

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Peroxides

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A type of oxidation that results in the formation of peroxides in body tissues which contain high proportions of oxygen.

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Peroxidation

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An orotic acid salt (nucleic acid); an effective molecule for transporting minerals through cellular membranes. Functions as an essential part of every living cell.

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Orotate

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A chemical that may be formed from the metabolism of nitrates which are common preservatives used in processed foods.

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Nitrosamine

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Developmental or "programmed" cell death characterized by membrane blobs, extensive chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation. Plays a role in negative selection of developing T-cells and the killing of targets by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.

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Apoptosis

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All living tissues are composed of ___, which are very small complex units consisting of a nucleus, cytoplasm, and a ___ membrane.

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Cell

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A substance that takes part in the process of metabolism in the body.

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Metabolite

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The chemical processes of living cells in which energy is produced in order to replace and repair tissues and maintain a healthy body. Responsible for the production of energy, biosynthesis of important substances, and degradation of various compounds.

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Metabolism

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Causing alterations in genetic material

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Mutagenic

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Compounds such as antioxidants that accept electrons.

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Reducers

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The electron donor in an oxidation-reduction reaction

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Reducing Agent (Reductant)

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A chemical compound found in all viruses and plant and animal cells. RNA and DNA are the 2 principal types.

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Nucleic Acid

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Structure inside cell that is the location of the cell's energy production machinery.

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Mitochondrion (plural=Mitochondria)

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A ___ ___ found in plant and animal cells; a complex protein chemical. Important in the coding of genetic information with DNA carrying information from the nucleus of the cell into the cytoplasm.

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RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

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The substance in the cell nucleus that genetically codes amino acids and their peptide chain pattern, and determines the type of life form into which a cell will develop.

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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

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Dangerous. Mainly used to describe a cancerous growth; when used this way, it means the growth is cancerous and predisposed to spreading.

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Malignant

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Refers to cells that are not cancerous. Literally means innocent; not malignant.

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Benign

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The inner substance of a cell contained within the cell membrane other than the nucleus.

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Cytoplasm

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A substance that causes a chemical reaction to go faster, but is not itself changed during the reaction.

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Catalyst

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Having a chemical valence of 2

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Divalent

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A chemical substance with an available electron in its structure that enables it to transmit electrical impulses when dissovled in fluids.

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Electrolyte

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A substance that shares the chemical characteristics of water and oil (the liquids will not mix). It promotes mixing and dispersion between the two compounds (ex. lecithin)

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Emulsion

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A chemical reaction that occurs when oxygen is added, resulting in a chemical transformation. The process removing an electron from a molecule.

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Oxidation

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An adjective describing a substance that is able to be dissovled in or as if in a fluid.

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Soluble

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An interaction between 2 or more nutrients in which the action of the nutrients is greater when they are taken together than when taken individually.

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Synergism

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Dissolves in water

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Water-Soluble

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An atom or group of atoms that has acquired an electric charge through the gain or loss of an electron or electrons.

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Ion

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A compound consisting of the nucleotide adenosine attached through its ribose group to 3 phosphoric acid molecules. It serves to store energy in muscles which is released when it is hydrolyzed to adenosine diphosphate.

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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

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A chemical in the body tissues that constricts the smooth bronchial tube muscles, dilates small blood vessels, allows fluid leakage to form itchy skin and hives, and increases secretion of stomach acid.

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Histamine

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Any family of RNA viruses containing reverse transcriptase in the virion (viral particle constituting the infective form of the virus). __ proliferate by a process that is the reverse of normal viruses. Reverse transcriptase enables the virus to convert RNA into DNA. This reverses the normal process of transcription where DNA is converted into RNA

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Retrovirus

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A large, varied group of complex nitrogen-containing compounds, usually alkaline, that react with acids to form soluble salts, many of which have physiological effects on humans. Includes nicotine, cocaine, caffeine, etc.

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Alkaloid

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An adjective that describes a substance that is incapable of being disolved in liquid.

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Insoluble