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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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define: gels
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semisolid systems consisting of either suspensions made up of small inorganic particles or large organic molecules interpenetrated by a liquid
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What are the advantages of using a gel?
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--useful for the oral, topical, vaginal, and rectal routes of administration
--can be clear |
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define: mucilages
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single-phase gels made from synthetic or natural macromolecules
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define: magma
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a gel in which the particle size in the two-phase system is large
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Which gels can be ingested?
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Carbopol 934P, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose
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Name three common neutralizers:
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sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, triethanolamine
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What are the components of Pluronic gels?
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polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene
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What is PLO gel made of?
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lecithin, isopropyl palmitate solution, and Pluronic F-127
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Define: ointment
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semisolid preparation intended for external application to the skin or mucous membrane
--for our purpose: all semisolid dosage forms intended for external application |
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What are the four general class of ointment bases?
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hydrocarbon, absorption, water-removable, and water-soluble
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List advantages and disadvantages of:
hydrocarbon or oleaginous bases |
Advantages:
-inexpensive -non-reactive -non-irritating -good protectant/emollient properties -not water-washable so they stay on the skin and keep medicine in contact with skin Disadvantages: -poor patient acceptance because of greasiness -not removed easily (mineral oil required) -do not absorb water so liquid ingredients are not taken up and skin secretions cannot dissipate |
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What are the two types of absorption bases?
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anhydrous absorption bases
water-in-oil emulsions |
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What are the advantages of absorption bases?
What are the disadvantages? |
Advantages:
-moderate protection/emollience -do not wash off easily -can absorb liquids Disadvantages: -poor patient acceptance (greasy, sticky, or stinky) -not easily removed with washing -can be sensitizing -soap type emulsifiers in some bases can cause compatibility issues -can cause hydrolysis of ingredients -subject to microbial growth (water) |
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What are creams?
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water-removable bases
o/w emulsions |
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What are the advantages/disadvantages of creams?
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Advantages
-nongreasy -water removable -can absorb water/alcohol (eventually turns to lotion) -allow the dissipation of fluids Disadvantages -less protective, less emollient, less occlusive -compatibility problems -hydrolysis -microbial growth -dry out if exposed to air |
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What are the advantages/disadvantages of water-soluble bases or gels?
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Advantages
-washable in water -no oily residue -can absorb water/alcohol Disadvantages -irritating to skin -no emollience -compatibility problems (PEG, H2O) |
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When is levigation not used?
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-fine particle size
-quantity of solid to incorporate is small -soft ointment base -final product is to be a stiff ointment or paste |
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What are the two most commonly used levigating agents?
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mineral oil, glycerin
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What is Peruvian balsam levigated with?
Ichthammol? |
Castor Oil
glycerin |
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List five factors that determine the amount of levigating agent needed:
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-quantity and properties of the solids to be incorporated
-selected levigating agent -properties of the ointment base -desired spreading consistency of the ointment -amounts of levigating agents used in other reference books/products |
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What % is needed for levigation?
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5%
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Which ingredient is used in the cosmetic industry as a surfactant in shampoos and hair conditioners, as an emollient and as an emulsifier and thickening agent in the manufacture of skin creams and lotions?
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cetyl alcohol
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Define: pastes
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semisolid dosage forms that contain one or more drug substances intended for topical application
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Define: creams
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-semisolid dosage forms containing one or more drug substances dissolved or dispersed in a suitable base
-typically o/w or w/o emulsions |
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define: emollient
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an agent that softens the skin or soothes irritation in skin or mucous membranes
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define: protective
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a substance that protects injured or exposed skin surfaces from harmful or annoying stimuli
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define: emulsion
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a thermodynamically unstable two-phase system consisting of at least two immiscible liquids, one of which is dispersed in the form of small droplets throughout the other, and an emulsifying agent
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Distinguish between o/w and w/o emulsions
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---o/w: oils/hydrocarbons are dispersed in an aqueous solution; typically formed when the aqueous phase constitutes >45% of the total weight and a hydrophilic emulsifier is used
---w/o: aqueous solution is dispersed in an oleaginous medium; typically formed if the aqueous phase is less than 45% of the total weight and a lipophilic emulsifier is used |
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Explain the uses of o/w and w/o emulsions
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o/w: most common emulsion type; preferred for oral products when an oily feel is undesirable; used topically when easy removal is desired
w/o: used topically wen emollient, lubricating properties, or protective properties are desired; many ointments are w/o emulsions |
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When are oral emulsions used?
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only when absolutely needed; they feel gross in the mouth and usually taste like shit
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What are the three desired properties of a liquid emulsion?
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-fine droplets
-slow aggregation of the droplets and creaming of the product -ease of redispersion when shaken |
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When are emulsions used parenterally?
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--o/w emulsions are used for sustained-release depot preparations
--w/o emulsions are used SC for allergy tests --a mixture of medium and long chain triglycerides are used for critically ill patients (MCT/LCT) |
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What are the roles of emulsifying agents?
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--Emulsifying agents are surfactants which concentrate at the interface of the two immiscible phases and prevent coalescence of the droplets.
--Some emulsifying agents also increase the viscosity of the system, slowing aggregation of the droplets and decreasing the rate of creaming. |
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List several cationic, anionic, and nonionic emulsifying agents.
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Cationic--benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride
Anionic--alkali soaps (sodium or potassium oleate), amine soaps (triethanolamine stearate), detergents (sodium lauryl sulfate ,sodium dioctyl solfosuccinate, sodium docusate) Nonionic--sorbitan esters (Spans), polyoxyethylene derivatives of sorbitan esters (Tweens), or glyceryl esters |
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Natural emulsifying agents: list several vegetable and animal derivatives; list semi-synthetic agents and synthetic agents
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vegetable derivatives: acacia, tragacanth, agar, pectin, carrageenan, lecithin
animal derivatives: gelatin, lanolin, cholesterol semi-synthetic agents: methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose synthetic agents: carbopols |
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What is the ratio of acacia, water, and oil in acacia emulsions?
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o:w:a
4:2:1 |
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Explain the dry gum method for making acacia emulsions
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--triturate oil and acacia in a wedgewood mortar
--add aqueous phase with hard and fast trituration --continue until crackling is heard or until TA tells you that you suck and you should start over |
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What else needs to be added to acacia emulsions besides oil, water, and acacia?
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drug
preservative (benzoic acid or sorbic acid) |
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What % of emulsifier is used?
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5%
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Describe HLB
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-a system that indicates the hydrophilicity of a molecule;
-low HLB indicates low hydrophilicity (Spans) -high HLB indicates high hydrophilicity (Tweens) |
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Which phase (oil or water) do you add Span and Tween to?
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can be put in corresponding phase but usually both put in oil phase
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define: creaming and coalescence
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creaming: migration of the droplets of the internal phase to the top or bottom of the emulsion
coalescence: the merging of small droplets into larger droplets with eventual complete separation of phases so that the droplets cannot be re-emulsified by simple shaking (also called cracking) |
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Where should emulsions be stored and what is the typical expiration?
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internal preparations should be stored in the fridge; external preparations should be stored at room temperature
internal preparations are usually good for 14 days; external preparations are good for 1 month |
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What auxiliary labels go on emulsions?
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shake well
(external use only, refrigerate as appropriate) |
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When are we allowed to compound for animals?
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--when there are no effective FDA approved products available
--when available dosage forms are inappropriate --when multiple and concurrent disease states are present --when an additive therapeutic effect could be obtained from simultaneous administration of two or more products --minimize side effects --when economic realities would preclude treatment with the approved product --when compounding would encourage compliance of dosage/therapeutic regimens |
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What drug should not be given to cats?
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APAP because they have a deficiency in glucuronyl transferase
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List four characteristics of dogs that affect drug delivery:
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--shorter GI transit time
--longer intestinal villi; more surface area --higher bile salt secretion, increases solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs --lower basal acid secretion |
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Which foods are not good to give to your dog?
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alcohol
chocolate coffee and tea ham fat trimmings grapes and raisins milk and dairy products onions and garlic |
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When making a carbomer gel, what are the main ingredients?
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carbomer, neutralizer (NaOH or triethanolamine), preservative (parabens)
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What is amitriptyline used for in pets?
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prevent spraying
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What are the three components of a PLO gel?
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poloxaer (Pluronic), lecithin, isopropyl palmitate
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What types of insulin are used for pets?
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dogs--bovine insulin
cats--porcine insulin |
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zoonosis
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disease that can be passed from animals, whether wild or domesticated, to humans
--can happen through contact with feces, direct contact with animal, consumption of eggs, consumption of raw meat, insect vectors |
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List four examples of zoonotic diseases:
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anthrax, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, lyme disease, Q-fever
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What zoonotic disease can the following animals carry: bats, cats, dogs, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep and goats, rabbits, birds
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bats: rabies
cats: anthrax dogs: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever horses: Salmonella Cattle: encephalitis pigs: influenza sheep and goats: rabies rabbits: plague and Q-fever Birds: big words |
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What is the expiration date for suppositories and which auxiliary labels do we add?
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90 days
external use only refrigerate keep out of reach of children for vaginal/rectal use only |
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Which type of suppositories are more comfortable?
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fatty base suppositories (non-irritating)
PEG bases can be irritating; adding 10% of water can be helpful; dunk in water before sticking up your butt |
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Which type of suppository is frequently used for vaginal or urethral suppositories?
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PEG because these regions do not have sphincter muscles to hold in leakages
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Qualify the release rate for the following drug/base combinations for suppositories:
oily drug in oily base water drug in oily base oily drug in water base water drug in water base |
oily drug in oily base: slow release
water drug in oily base: rapid release oily drug in water base: moderate release rate water drug in water base: moderate release based on diffusion |
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Explain the Paddock Method for determining the density factor, df:
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df= B / (A-C+B) where A equals the average weight of a blank suppository, B equals the weight of active drug per suppository, C equals the average weight of a medicated suppository
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